Ch. 19 & 20

HW 19A 1,2,4,9; 19B 2; 20A 1,3,4; 20B 3 (Nine sentences)

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE

Adverbs of place are easy to use (section 193), but be aware that Latin is typically far more specific than English. They do not use adverbs of place where to show place to which. For example, we say "He came here." and "Where are you going?" but Latin must use huc and quo, not hic and ubi (section 194). I would suggest that you copy the chart in section 193 a couple of times to get used to the relationship between the various adverbs by row and by column.

Usually place where (or "at which") has a preposition such as in or sub + the ablative and place to which (motion towards) has a preposition such as in, ad, or trans + the accusative and place from which has a preposition such as e/ex, a/ab, or de + ablative.

However, if the object of the preposition would be a city or small island (that would be viewed as one city-state), then you have accusative without preposition for place to which (Romam = to Rome), ablative without preposition for place from which (Roma = from Rome), and locative case (Romae = at Rome, ruri = in the country; see section 192) for place at which or where.

Also you don't need a preposition with the ablative of via when it indicates traveling on the road--it is viewed as ablative of means. You don't need a prepositon in the phrase terra marique (on land and sea, or by land and sea).

Latin will often use e/ex or a/ab where English would have a place where expression.
Examples:
I saw the soldiers on the left side of the battleline.
Milites a latere aciei sinistro vidi.
He walked in front, she (walked) in back.
Ille a fronte, a tergo illa ambulabat.
On one side of the field, he sat.
Ex una parte agri sedebat.

Accusative of extent of space (same construction as accusative of duration of time) is used to show distance.
Examples:
The forest is two-hundred paces (away) from the river.
Silva ducentos (or Roman numeral "CC") passus a flumine abest.
How many miles did you run?
Quot milia* passuum cucurristi?
*Note mille (two l's) is neuter singular and milia (one l) is neuter plural of the word for "thousand". Mille passuum = "a thousand paces", Milia passuum = "thousands of paces"

Whenever you talk about dimensions using adjectives like longus ("long"), latus ("wide"), altus ("tall" or "deep"), you use the accusative of extent of space.
For numbers see section 133 of your grammar book.
Examples:
The house is 30 feet long, 40 feet wide and 15 feet high.
Domus triginta (or Roman numeral "XXX") pedes longa, quadraginta (or Roman numeral "XL") pedes lata, quindecim (or Roman numeral "XV") pedes alta est.
The sword was thirty-two inches long.
Gladius triginta duas (or Roman numeral "XXXII") uncias longus erat.


QUESTIONS with num + indefinite or utrum...an

After si, nisi, num, and ne all the ali's fall away!

The word aliquis, aliquid is a common indefinite pronoun meaning: someone, something, anyone, or anything, but after the above words you use quis, quid (normally the interrogative pronoun).

Use num + quis, quis or + qui, qua, quod (the indefinite adjective, declined like qui, quae, quod except feminine nom. singular and neuter nom. and acc. pl. both "qua") to express somewhat dubious questions.
See 332-335 in your grammar book for questions.
Is there anybody coming? (expecting that there may not be)
Num quis venit?

However, as we have already seen num loses its force of expecting a negative when in an indirect or reported question. Instead, it means "whether" or "if".
Example:
He will ask if any of you (girls) are leaving.
Rogabit num qua vostrum discedat.

We have already seen uter, utra, utrum the interrogative adjective meaning "which (of two)". The neuter singular form of this, utrum, is used to introduce the first part of a two part question. Latin does this even in a direct question where English has no corresponding question word. The second part of the question is introduced by the Latin word an (not the normal "aut") and negatives are an non (in direct questions) and necne (more common in indirect).
Examples:
Are you winning or not?
Utrum vincis an non?
He wants to know if they are advancing or staying there.
Scire vult utrum procedant an ibi maneant.


When translating whether, as your book says, use num if it is a one part question, use utrum to introduce the first clause of a two part question, and put the important parts of each clause near the utrum and an (or "an non" or "necne").
He had asked whether they are sailing.
Rogaverat num navigarent.
I wonder whether he is fighting with a sword or if he is using a spear.
Miror utrum gladio pugnet an hasta utatur.

nescio + quis/quid and nescio (or "haud scio") + indirect question actually indicate a mild positive. With quis and quid it is often written as one word.
Examples:
Nescioquid vidi.
I saw something. (Literally: I saw I do not know what.)
Nescio an victurus sis.
I'd like to think you will win. / Perhaps you'll win. (Literally: I do not know whether you will win. {The Latin implies the speaker expects the positive outcome.)