Intro and Chapt. 1

Parts of Speech

If you can't define these parts of speech, then you need to look them up and learn their function.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions


Phrases and Clauses

A phrase is a group of words that perform a unified function in the sentence (they might act as an adjective or adverb, for example). Clauses may be complete simple sentences, or they may be one part of a complex or compound sentence.
Phrases have no finite verb (e.g. works, loved, was), though they may include verbal forms such as infinitives or participles. Clauses have at least one finite verb (or at least understand a verb).

Phrases: to do, in the house, running swiftly

Clauses:
He ran away.
When they came, ....
If you'll tell me, ...
...and I will call you back.


QUESTIONS

YES/NO Type

-ne (simple yes/no question)
nonne (invites the answer yes)
num (invites the answer no)

Venisne? Are you coming?
Nonne venis? Aren't you coming?(tone expects yes) You are coming, aren't you?
Num venis? Are you coming?(tone expects no) You aren't coming, are you?

Usually -ne follows the verb which is placed first in the clause (in normal statements Latin likes the verb last in the clause). Note the first word of a question receives some emphasis so:

Vincitne Caesar? Is Caesar winning? (the person wants to know about the outcome)
Caesarne vincit? Is Caesar winning? (the person wants to know if Caesar rather than his opponent is winning)


Qu-, Cu-, and other types of question words

cur abis? Why are you leaving?

Be careful with "where" which has three main Latin equivalents for place where (ubi), place to where (quo, like old English whither), and place from where (unde, like old English whence).

ubi erat? Where was he?

quo navigas? Where are you sailing (to)?

unde venisti? Where did you come from?

Be careful with word order. Sometimes English puts prepositions at the end of clauses where Latin needs them with their objects.

De quo loqueris? Whom are you talking about? (Note everyday English usage wrongly uses who here.)

Quibuscum is? Whom are you going with? (Note everyday English usage wrongly uses who here.)


HW: Prepare for verb quiz Friday and do the exercises 1a 1,3,7,10,13 and the following:

Translate a & b into Latin but not the notes in parentheses. Then write a new English question for c and translate it into Latin
a. (Person 1) Where have all the flowers gone?
b. (Person 2) What flowers are you talking about?
c. (Person 1 replies with another question) ….