Ch. 9 and 10

HW: 9A 1,2,3,5,6; 10A (part 1) 2,4,7,8 & the following:

Compose your own complex sentence with an indirect/reported command and an adverbial purpose clause (e.g. “I told them that they should leave so that they did not get hurt.”), and then translate it into Latin.



Sequence of Tenses

Tenses (and moods) may be divided into two major categories based on whether they refer to past time or non-past time (present or future). The two categories are called primary sequence (present & future) and secondary or historical sequence (any past tense).

Primary Sequence includes:
present, future, future perfect, and rarely perfect when it refers to a present state due to past action
imperatives and jussive subjunctives are also considered primary sequence

Secondary Sequence includes:
imperfect, pluperfect, and usually perfect when it is used as a regular past tense


How to choose the right subjunctive in a subordinate or dependent clause...

Primary main verb
Subjunctive {Relative time of dependent clause verb
present subjunctive {SAME (or LATER)
perfect subjunctive {EARLIER
sim, sis, sit + fut. part. {LATER

Secondary main verb
Subjunctive {Relative time of dependent clause verb
imperfect subjunctive {SAME (or LATER)
pluperfect subjunctive {EARLIER
essem, esses, esset + fut. part. {LATER

Both Indirect Commands (Reported Commands in your book) and Purpose Clauses (also called final clauses) will usually only use the first option on each of these charts. If the main verb is primary (present/future), then the indirect command or purpose clause uses present subjunctive. If the main verb is secondary (past), then the indirect command or purpose clause uses imperfect subjunctive.

Remember present subjunctive is made by getting present stem, replacing with the correct vowels (Let's beat a giant friar!), and then adding the endings (m,s,t,mus,tis,nt or r,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur)

Remember imperfect subjunctive is made by getting the second principle part (or present active infinitive) and then adding the endings (m,s,t,mus,tis,nt or r,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur).

Purpose Clauses Examples:

I came to see him. (...so that I might see him.)
Veni ut eum viderem.

I will come to see him.
Veniam ut eum videam.

He left so that I would not see him. (...so as for me not to see him)
Discessit ne se viderem.

Indirect Command Examples:

He told (ordered) me not to seem stupid.
Imperavit mihi ne stupidus viderer.

I am asking you to come. (...that you come. {Present Subjunctive in English )
Rogo te ut venias.


Special Note: Infinitives in Reported Commands

The verbs iubeo (I bid or I order) and veto (I forbid or I order...not) both take infinitives instead of indirect command clauses.

Also impero (I order or I command) will sometimes take present passive infinitives.

Examples:

I bid you to leave./I order you to leave.
Abire te iubeo.

He forbids us to stay./He orders us not to stay.
Vetat nos manere.

Caesar commanded the battleline to be drawn up.
Caesar aciem instrui imperavit.

Reflexive Pronouns and Subordinate Clauses

Sometimes reflexive pronouns (e.g. sui, sibi, se, se) in subordinate clauses will refer back to the subject or notional subject of the main clause. When this happens the subordinate clause is typically viewed/focalized through the eyes of the main clause subject. Purpose clauses and indirect commands will typically work this way whereas other clauses such as result clauses will not (and thus reflexives will not refer back to the main subject in a result clause).

Examples:

He wanted to leave so that they might not kill him(=the main clause subject).
Abire voluit ne se interficerent.

They asked us not to abandon them(=the main clause subject).
Nobis rogaverunt ne se relinqueremus.