As always read the chapter intro and footnotes carefully.
HW: 11A 1,2,6 11B 8; 13A 1,5,10 13B 4
Adverbial clauses of result
The main clause will almost always have a sign-post word to warn you that a result clause is coming. Here are some of the common sign-post words: tam, sic, adeo, ita, tot, tantus, talis (see section 113).
The result clause itself will always begin with ut, never ne, if negative it will have non or another negative word inside the result clause.
The verb of the result clause is always subjunctive and unlike most clauses with subjunctive will not necessarily follow the sequence of tenses. As your book suggests, the English tense will be a good guide for what Latin tense of the subjunctive to use.
Finally do not confuse purpose clauses which answer the questions "why?" or "for what purpose?" with result clauses that answers the question "with what result?"
Examples:
I ran quickly so that I might win.
Cucurri celeriter ut vincerem.
Answers "why did I run", so this is a purpose clause.
I ran so quickly that I won.
Cucurri tam celeriter ut vincerem (or "vicerim").
Answers "with what result did I run so quickly?", so it is a result clause.
Notice the tam warns you a result clause is coming.
Also notice you may use the perfect subjunctive (vicerim) to emphasize a definite past event.
He was such a man that we were all going to follow him.
Erat talis (vir) ut omnes eum secuturi essemus.
Notice the sign-post talis.
Notice that, since a result clause does not notionally follow the thought of the main subject (see section 114), we use eum here instead of se, even though eum refers to the same "he" as the subject of erat.
Is he fighting so well that he is winning?
Pugnatne sic bene ut vincat?
Negatives
Read your intro and notes well.
Neuter (neither) like uter (which of two) and uterque (each) modifies a noun; it does not take a partitive genitive in Latin.
Neutra femina = "neither woman (out of two)"
NOT neutra feminarum "neither of the women"
ne ... quidem emphasizes a negative for whatever word goes in between. Watch your word order.
Ne ego quidem id facere poteram. Not even I was able to do it.
Domus dura ne flammis quidem deleta est. The tough house was not destroyed, not even by flames.
and not any...
Any time you see any/anybody/anyone/anything after a negative word, you should use a form of quisquam, quidquam (which declines like quis, quid with an extra quam on the end) or a form of ullus, ulla, ullum (which is an unus nauta adjective, so it uses 1st and 2nd declension endings except for a genitive s. -ius and dative s. -i).
I saw him and not anyone else.
Eum vidi neque quemquam (ullum) alium.
Mark is leaving nor is anyone staying.
Marcus discedit neque quisquam (ullus) manet.
Since et (and) is not typically used before a negative (other than non) in Latin, expressions like "and nobody". "and nothing", "and no", "and nowhere" must be replaced with neque + a positive alternative.
In the following examples the first option of et + negative should NOT be used. Use neque + positive expression instead:
et nemo } neque quisquam (ullus)
et nihil } neque quidquam
et nullus } neque ullus
et numquam } neque umquam
et nusquam } neque usquam
et neuter } neque uterque
Double negatives
Watch out!
When non appears before another negative, most commonly with nullus, it indicates a somewhat positive assertion as in the following examples:
non nullos vidi. I saw some/several men. (literally "not none")
Non numquam tales existant. Such men exist somewhere. (literally "not nowhere")
When non appears after another negative, it indicates a very strong affirmative as in these examples:
Nihil non dixit. He said everything. / He left nothing unsaid.
(literally like the archaic English "Nothing did he not say.", but think of it like the more modern English "There was nothing that he did not say.")
Nemo in urbem non venit. Everyone is coming to (or "into") the city.
(literally "No one is not coming to the city."/"There is no one who is not coming to the city.")
haud
Haud is more emphatic than non. It is usually not used with verbs unless very emphatic like "haud scio" ("I don't know at all"). Only use haud with verbs to translate expressions like "not at all" or "by no means"; use non for a simple not. Haud is common with adjectives and adverbs:
haud magnus by no means big, i.e. quite small
haud celeriter not quickly at all, i.e. very slow
Subject verb agreement in compound negatives
Warning!
You have been taught in English grammar to make verbs plural with an inclusive compound subject:
He and she are going. NOT He and she is going.
This is typically the case in Latin too, BUT occasionally Latin makes a verb agree with the closest subject, and this is usually the case with a compound negative subject. This may not confuse you because we typically do the same with neither..nor in English.
Examples:
Neque vir neque femina venit. Neither the man nor the woman is coming.
Neque puer neque puellae discedunt. Neither the boy nor the girls are leaving.
Neque agricola neque poeta eum scit. Neither the farmer nor the poet knows him.
In the second example the verb is plural (not "is leaving") because the closest subject puellae/girls is plural.
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