HW 58-9
HW: Add one more English sentence to the passage in quotations below, and then translate the whole passage into oratio obliqua (indirect discourse) after "Dicebat" ("he was saying" where he is the speaker of the original quote).
"How wise he is! If he were king, we would all be happier. Don't you think so? Speak now, tell me. If you do not, then I will fight you since you dishonor (i.e. injure) his reputation. Because you still do not answer, I have decided that you must be killed...(add your own final sentence here)"
Start with "Dicebat" and then translate the above passage and your sentence into Latin indirect discourse following the rules outlined below and in chapters 58 and 59 of your textbook.
ORATIO OBLIQUA
This fancy term means the same as indirect discourse. It is used to refer to how sentences are changed in Latin when they go into indirect speech, question, or command---typically when the main clause is a past tense (or historical present) and the main subject is usually 3rd person. Note that oratio obliqua is most common in long narrative passages of prose such as reported historical descriptions. Sometimes such passages do not even have a main verb, the whole passage is understood to be in indirect discourse.
Notes on changes in oratio obliqua (cf. sect. 582)
1. Pronoun changes
a. 1st person pronouns ego (me) & nos change to sui, sibi, se, se, and meus & noster to suus.
b. 2nd person pronouns become 3rd person, often a form of ille (Vocatives may also change to 3rd person.)
c. 3rd person pronouns may be is or hic to avoid confusion.
Examples:
Original: "I saw you there with him."
Indirect/Reported/Oratio Obliqua: He said that he had seen that man with this one.
Latin: Dixit se(=I) illum(=you) cum eo(=him) vidisse.
Original: "We will come to see you after we meet her."
Indirect/Reported/Oratio Obliqua: He said that he and his companions would come to see that man after they met this woman.
Latin: Dixit se et comites suos illum (virum) visum venturos esse postquam huic feminae occurrissent.
2. Tense Changes
If the original statement had primary (present/future) tenses, they must show correct relative time with past main verb and thus subjunctives become either imperfect (for original present), pluperfect (for any original past tense), or imperfect plus the future active particple (for orginal future). Latin infinitives in indirect statement show ONLY relative time and thus do NOT change tenses depending on the main verb.
Examples:
"They are coming and will kill you because you are hurting him.
He said that they were coming and would kill that man because he was hurting this one.
Dixit eos venire(pres. = same time) et illum interfecturos esse(fut. = later time) quod ei noceret (impf. subj. = same time in secondary sequence).
3. Changes in demonstratives and adverbs
In Oratio Obliqua, this, here, and now type words change to that, there, and then type words.
Examples:
"This is the best man here."
Everyone thought that that/he was the best man there.
Omnes putabant eum/illum esse illic/ibi optimum.
"Now is the time."
He said that then/that was the time.
Dixit tum/illud esse tempus.
NOTE THE CHARTS FOR TENSES AND FOR ADVERB/DEMONSTRATIVE CHANGES IN 582
INDIRECT STATEMENT REVIEW AND NOTES
Indirect questions and commands uses normal nominative subjects and subjunctive verbs following sequence of tenses; indirect statement uses an accusative subject (which must be stated even when the same as the subject of the main verb) and infinitive verbs.
Here is another chart for infinitives in indirect statement:
Original verb tense } infinitive tense
present (e.g. facio) } present (e.g. facere)
any past (e.g. mutatus erat) } perfect (e.g. mutatum esse)
future (aget) } future (acturum esse)
Examples:
"I myself am great."
He said that he himself was great.
Dixit se ipsum esse magnum.
COMMANDS IN ORATIO OBLIQUA
Use imperfect jussive subjunctive in place of imperative. Note the subject changes as above indicated from 2nd to 3rd person.
Examples:
"Come quickly."
(He said) let them come quickly. ...that they should come quickly.
(Dixit) venirent celeriter.
QUESTIONS IN ORATIO OBLIQUA
If rhetorical (most questions that are not in 2nd person), questions use accusative and infinitive as they are really statements. If a real question expecting an answer, use indirect question with subjunctive verb. For your purposes, you may simply use indirect question for original 2nd person, and acc. + inf. for 1st and 3rd person questions.
Examples:
"Why are you waiting? The time is here is it not?"
He shouted why were they waiting, was it not the time.
Clamavit quare illi expectarent, nonne illud/id tempus esse.
"What are you (all) saying? This cannot be true, can it?"
(He asked) what were they saying, that could not be true, could it.
(Rogavit) quid illi dicerent, num id/illud verum esse.
EXCLAMATIONS
Exclamations in oratio obliqua follow the acc. and inf. construction like statements.
Examples:
"How large it is!"
"What a day this has been!"
(They exclaimed) how large it was. / what (kind of) a day it/that had been.
(Clamaverunt) quantum esse. / qualem diem fuisse.
SUI, SIBI, SE, SE, AND SUUS
These reflexives may refer either to the indirect statement's subject or the main clause subject if there is no ambiguity. Otherwise ipse may be used to provide emphasis for a internal reflexive in indirect statement.
59 SUBOBLIQUE CLAUSES
This chapter deals with specific changes to subordinate clauses in indirect discourse (oratio obliqua).
Generally they take a subjunctive verb following sequence of tenses even if they originally had an indicative verb.
592 IF AND WHEN
Below is a chart for changes to verbs in if (si) and when (cum/quando/ubi) clauses, note this applies ONLY TO THE VERB OF THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. The main clause becomes acc. and inf. indirect statement.
Original indicative } new subjunctive
future (cupies) } imperfect (cupires)
future perfect (egero) } pluperfect (egissem)
593 & 594 WHEN TO USE SUBOBLIQUE SUBJUNCTIVES
Use them inside of indirect discourse and even when there is no indirect discourse but the clause indicates the thought of the main clause subject.
Example:
He left because he wanted to go home.
Discessit quod vellet domum ire.
595 ALLEGED CLAUSES
If the writer/speaker wants to disavow responsibility for whether a statement is factual. That is the author doubts the truth to some extent.
They went to the town where (they thought) he was.
Ierunt ad oppidum ubi adesset.
596 SUBJUNCTIVE CONDITIONS IN SUBOBLIQUE
The if clauses usually remain the same as originally. The main or then clauses turn into indirect statements with acc. and inf.
Chart on changes to main clause verbs in subjunctive conditions
Original subjunctive } new infinitive
present (sit) } future (futurum esse)
imperfect (faceret) } future participle + fuisse (facturum fuisse)
pluperfect (habuissent) } future participle + fuisse (habituros fuisse)
For passive future infinitives use fore (or "futurum esse") + ut (subj.). For passive of the facturum fuisse type construction use futurum fuisse ut (subj.).
Examples:
I said that that would be done. ...it was going to be that that be done.
Dixi futurum esse ut illud fieret.
They believed that he would have been killed. ...it had been going to be that he be killed.
Crediderunt futurum fuisse ut interficeretur.
Monday, December 6, 2010
Friday, December 3, 2010
Ch. 57
HW: 57A 2-8, 57B 4
FURTHER POINTS ON CONDITIONS
Section 571
When we say "could have", "ought to have", "should have", or "might have", Latin will make the main modal/helping verb perfect and use a present infinitive.
Examples:
He could/might have helped. {possibility
Potuit adiuvare.
You ought to have come./You should have come. {suitability, obligation
Debuisti venire.
Venire te(acc. subj. of inf.) oportuit.
Tibi(dat. of agent) veniendum fuit.
Section 572
The above constructions may be used in the main clause of a past contrary-to-fact (past ideal) condition. Normally these conditions require a pluperfect subjuntive in both clauses but the above constructions in the indicative imply the same kind of situation as a normal verb in the subjunctive.
Examples:
We could have won if you(pl.) had helped us.
Vincere potuimus si nobis succurrissetis.
They ought to have been praised if they had fought.
Debuerunt laudari si pugnavissent.
Eos laudari oportuit...
Laudandi fuerunt...
Section 573
In Latin, a si clause with a present or imperfect subjunctive (following sequence of tenses) is used to represent the same situation as we have in an English clause beginning "to see if", "in case", "in hope". All of these deal with the hope or expectation of some possible event. In Latin, such clauses often occur after verbs that indicate waiting for, expecting, or trying to do something.
Examples:
I waited in the hope of your coming (gerund). ...of you coming(participle).
I waited in case you would come. ...you came.
Rephrased Closer to Latin: I waited (to see) if you were coming.
Expectabam si venires (impf. subj.).
They will try in the hope of crossing the river.
They will try in case they may cross the river.
Rephrased Closer to Latin: They will try (to see) if they may cross the river.
Conabuntur si flumen transeant (pres. subj.).
Section 574
"Than if" and "as...as if" may both be translated with quam si. If so, the verb of the si clause will fit whatever kind of condition you have, sometimes subjunctive and sometimes indicative. Other expressions meaning "as if" include "ac si" or "perinde ac si", and they follow the same rules.
THAN IF = Quam si
It is better than if we were there. (present contrary to fact)
Melius est quam si ibi essemus(impf. subj.).
AS..AS IF = Tam...quam si
We ran as quickly as if a dragon had chased us. (past contrary to fact)
Tam celeriter cucurrimus quam si draco nos persecutus esset (plup. subj.).
*Note similar constructions such as tot...quot si are possible.
AS IF = (perinde) ac si
He spoke as if he will/would be the next consul. (future more vivid/future less vivid)
Dixit (perinde) ac si proximus consul erit(fut. ind.)/sit(pres. subj.).
Tamquam (literally "so much as") and quasi (a contraction of quam si) may also translate "as if", but the verb will always be subjunctive following sequence of tenses.
Examples:
You are acting as if you are king.
Agis quasi/tamquam rex sis.
We were building the walls as if we had not heard that the enemy was approaching.
Muros aedificabamus quasi/tamquam non audivissemus hostes advenire.
FURTHER POINTS ON CONDITIONS
Section 571
When we say "could have", "ought to have", "should have", or "might have", Latin will make the main modal/helping verb perfect and use a present infinitive.
Examples:
He could/might have helped. {possibility
Potuit adiuvare.
You ought to have come./You should have come. {suitability, obligation
Debuisti venire.
Venire te(acc. subj. of inf.) oportuit.
Tibi(dat. of agent) veniendum fuit.
Section 572
The above constructions may be used in the main clause of a past contrary-to-fact (past ideal) condition. Normally these conditions require a pluperfect subjuntive in both clauses but the above constructions in the indicative imply the same kind of situation as a normal verb in the subjunctive.
Examples:
We could have won if you(pl.) had helped us.
Vincere potuimus si nobis succurrissetis.
They ought to have been praised if they had fought.
Debuerunt laudari si pugnavissent.
Eos laudari oportuit...
Laudandi fuerunt...
Section 573
In Latin, a si clause with a present or imperfect subjunctive (following sequence of tenses) is used to represent the same situation as we have in an English clause beginning "to see if", "in case", "in hope". All of these deal with the hope or expectation of some possible event. In Latin, such clauses often occur after verbs that indicate waiting for, expecting, or trying to do something.
Examples:
I waited in the hope of your coming (gerund). ...of you coming(participle).
I waited in case you would come. ...you came.
Rephrased Closer to Latin: I waited (to see) if you were coming.
Expectabam si venires (impf. subj.).
They will try in the hope of crossing the river.
They will try in case they may cross the river.
Rephrased Closer to Latin: They will try (to see) if they may cross the river.
Conabuntur si flumen transeant (pres. subj.).
Section 574
"Than if" and "as...as if" may both be translated with quam si. If so, the verb of the si clause will fit whatever kind of condition you have, sometimes subjunctive and sometimes indicative. Other expressions meaning "as if" include "ac si" or "perinde ac si", and they follow the same rules.
THAN IF = Quam si
It is better than if we were there. (present contrary to fact)
Melius est quam si ibi essemus(impf. subj.).
AS..AS IF = Tam...quam si
We ran as quickly as if a dragon had chased us. (past contrary to fact)
Tam celeriter cucurrimus quam si draco nos persecutus esset (plup. subj.).
*Note similar constructions such as tot...quot si are possible.
AS IF = (perinde) ac si
He spoke as if he will/would be the next consul. (future more vivid/future less vivid)
Dixit (perinde) ac si proximus consul erit(fut. ind.)/sit(pres. subj.).
Tamquam (literally "so much as") and quasi (a contraction of quam si) may also translate "as if", but the verb will always be subjunctive following sequence of tenses.
Examples:
You are acting as if you are king.
Agis quasi/tamquam rex sis.
We were building the walls as if we had not heard that the enemy was approaching.
Muros aedificabamus quasi/tamquam non audivissemus hostes advenire.
Wednesday, December 1, 2010
Final Project or Exam-Your Choice
Instead of a usual in class exam on the last day of class, you may choose to do a creative composition project.
FINAL PROJECT- Latin 201
Translate a short story (or part of one) into Latin. The story may be your own or be taken from a book or play or whatever. You must do this on your own. No specific help from classmates. You have to include the full English version with your Latin translation.
In the Latin translation you must correctly employ 5 grammatical constructions from chapters 47-59 and 10 more from anywhere else in your textbook or your Latin grammar book (Allen and Greenough). You should footnote each Latin grammatical construction; name it and give the section number in your textbook or in Allen and Greenough. All 15 constructions should be taken from 15 separate sections of your book (or Allen and Greenough). Two constructions from the same section only count once. My example story uses 8 separate sections from ch. 47-59 and 23 other separate sections, a total of 31 constructions, more than twice what I am asking of you.
FINAL PROJECT- Latin 201
Translate a short story (or part of one) into Latin. The story may be your own or be taken from a book or play or whatever. You must do this on your own. No specific help from classmates. You have to include the full English version with your Latin translation.
In the Latin translation you must correctly employ 5 grammatical constructions from chapters 47-59 and 10 more from anywhere else in your textbook or your Latin grammar book (Allen and Greenough). You should footnote each Latin grammatical construction; name it and give the section number in your textbook or in Allen and Greenough. All 15 constructions should be taken from 15 separate sections of your book (or Allen and Greenough). Two constructions from the same section only count once. My example story uses 8 separate sections from ch. 47-59 and 23 other separate sections, a total of 31 constructions, more than twice what I am asking of you.
ch. 55-56
HW: 55A 2,3,5,8 56A 1,2,4,7
CAUSAL CLAUSES, Ch. 55
This is mostly review with some new material.
PARTICIPLE NOTES
Participles can show causal relationships. This is more common in Latin than in English.
Examples:
The man left because the town was destroyed.
Rephrased: The man left, the town having been destroyed.
Vir discessit, oppido deleto.
Because the ship was approaching, I walked towards the sea.
The ship approaching, I walked towards the sea.
Nave appropinquante, ad mare ambulabam.
MOOD OF VERBS IN CAUSAL CLAUSES
The quod, quia, and quoniam clauses typically have an indicative mood verb in classical Latin, while cum clauses will always have a subjunctive verb.
This rule applies unless, as section 552 indicates, the causal clause is sub-oblique. Sub-oblique is a fancy term for clauses that are included in some kind of indirect (reported) discourse, that is, any subordinate clause in an indirect statement, question, or command.
They give you a good example in 552 of a causal clause stated as ACTUAL FACT (i) and a causal clause stated as IMPLIED THOUGHT/SPEECH (ii). Here are some other examples:
He wanted you to leave because you were ready.
Ille te discedere voluit quod eras(indic.) paratus.
*Causal clause here is meant to show simple fact.
He wanted you to leave because you are awful. ...on the grounds that...
*Causal clause here represents the thought of the subject.
Ille te discedere voluit quod esses(subj.) dirus.
Sometimes the causal clause may be understood either way and you can choose indicative (simple factual cause) or subjunctive (implied thought about cause) for the quod/quia/quoniam clause.
NEGATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE REASONS, ...not because X...but because Y
From section 553.
Use non quod/quo...sed quia:
I left not because you were coming but because I had to go home.
Discessi non quod veniebas sed quia necesse mihi erat domum ire.
RELATIVE Causal Clauses
Section 554
Relative Clauses can depict a causal relationship. In Latin these will often have the adverb quippe in front of the relative pronoun, and the verb of the relative clause is typically subjunctive (you should always use subjunctive).
Examples:
Those men received money because they had built the house.
Those who had built the house received money.
Ei (quippe) qui domum aedificavissent pecuniam acceperunt.
The women, since they were wise, knew there was trouble.
Rephrased: The women, who were wise, knew there was trouble.
Feminae (quippe) quae sapientes essent noverant periculum adesse.
QUOD and THAT
Section 556
The causal conjunctions quod, quia, cum (quom), and quoniam (quom iam) are all constructed from Latin pronouns (compare qui,quae,quod) just like our conjunction "that" which is made from the demonstrative pronoun "that". Note the following examples to illustrate similarity:
I am upset that he has left.
Rephrased: I am upset because he has left. {Means the same as above.
Latin: Me piget quod discessit.
He is happy that we are sailing.
Rephrased: He is happy because we are sailing.
Latin: Gaudet quod navigamus.
It turns out well that you are going.
It turns out well because you are going.
Bene accidit quod is. {The quod clause is actually acting as the subject of accidit.
Note that quod in some such instances and elsewhere in Latin is often translated "the fact that."
EMPHASIZING THE REASON
Section 555
You may emphasize the reason in English by putting "because" early in the sentence. Usually this position is also emphatic in Latin with quod and quia clauses, but early position is normal for cum and quoniam clauses as it is with "since" in English.
Because you are so nice, I will help you.
Quod tam mitis es, te adiuvabo.
It was because you left, that he hated you.
Quia discesseras, te oderat.
English and Latin may both use words or phrases of various kinds to emphasize the reason.
In English we may say things like "exactly because" or "especially since", and we may even emphasize the reason so much that the main clause is tiny in comparison.
It is for precisely this reason that the war has gone on for too many years.
In Latin, common words or phrases added to the main clause to signpost or emphasize the reason include: ideo, idcirco, propterea, ea causa (abl. of cause).
Examples:
He left for this reason because he hates you with all his heart.
Ideo discessit quod te toto pectore odit.
For this very reason he is coming because he wants to.
Ipsa causa venit quod vult.
CONCESSIONS, Ch. 56
Concession clauses in English typically start with although, even though, even if, or however. The main clause is occasionally marked by a word like still or nevertheless.
You might remind yourself of the subjunctive cum clauses of concession (sect. 461) even though they are not really covered here. In Latin the main clause in a sentence with a concession clause might have tamen or nihilominus.
As with causal clauses, participles may be used to represent a concessive clause.
Example:
Having defeated the enemy, he still could not forget that his friends had been killed.
Hostibus victis, tamen non potuit oblivisci amicos interfectos esse.
Summary
As your book rightly emphasizes you may concede a fact or an imagined possibility.
1. Fact
In Latin use quamquam, etsi, tametsi + indicative verb (or cum + subjunctive, see s. 461) for the concessive clause.
Examples:
Although you are king (a fact), you must obey the laws.
Quamquam rex es, legibus a te parendum est.
Etsi rex es,...
Though he is here (a fact), I do not see him.
Tametsi adest, eum non video.
2. Possibility
In Latin use etsi, etiam si, quamvis (usually with following adj. or adv.), or licet + subjunctive verb for the concessive clause.
Examples:
Even if you had not won (an imagined, unreal situation), I would still love you.
Etsi non vicisses, tamen te amarem.
Licet non vicisses, ...
However strong you are (accounting for any possibility), you will not break the chains.
Quamvis validus sis, catenas non franges.
RELATIVE
A relative clause may have a concessive meaning if the verb is subjunctive, as always the main clause may be marked in Latin by tamen/nihilominus.
He sent the soldiers who were not ready.
Rephrased: He sent the soldiers although they were not ready.
Milites qui parati non essent (nihilominus) misit.
CAUSAL CLAUSES, Ch. 55
This is mostly review with some new material.
PARTICIPLE NOTES
Participles can show causal relationships. This is more common in Latin than in English.
Examples:
The man left because the town was destroyed.
Rephrased: The man left, the town having been destroyed.
Vir discessit, oppido deleto.
Because the ship was approaching, I walked towards the sea.
The ship approaching, I walked towards the sea.
Nave appropinquante, ad mare ambulabam.
MOOD OF VERBS IN CAUSAL CLAUSES
The quod, quia, and quoniam clauses typically have an indicative mood verb in classical Latin, while cum clauses will always have a subjunctive verb.
This rule applies unless, as section 552 indicates, the causal clause is sub-oblique. Sub-oblique is a fancy term for clauses that are included in some kind of indirect (reported) discourse, that is, any subordinate clause in an indirect statement, question, or command.
They give you a good example in 552 of a causal clause stated as ACTUAL FACT (i) and a causal clause stated as IMPLIED THOUGHT/SPEECH (ii). Here are some other examples:
He wanted you to leave because you were ready.
Ille te discedere voluit quod eras(indic.) paratus.
*Causal clause here is meant to show simple fact.
He wanted you to leave because you are awful. ...on the grounds that...
*Causal clause here represents the thought of the subject.
Ille te discedere voluit quod esses(subj.) dirus.
Sometimes the causal clause may be understood either way and you can choose indicative (simple factual cause) or subjunctive (implied thought about cause) for the quod/quia/quoniam clause.
NEGATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE REASONS, ...not because X...but because Y
From section 553.
Use non quod/quo...sed quia:
I left not because you were coming but because I had to go home.
Discessi non quod veniebas sed quia necesse mihi erat domum ire.
RELATIVE Causal Clauses
Section 554
Relative Clauses can depict a causal relationship. In Latin these will often have the adverb quippe in front of the relative pronoun, and the verb of the relative clause is typically subjunctive (you should always use subjunctive).
Examples:
Those men received money because they had built the house.
Those who had built the house received money.
Ei (quippe) qui domum aedificavissent pecuniam acceperunt.
The women, since they were wise, knew there was trouble.
Rephrased: The women, who were wise, knew there was trouble.
Feminae (quippe) quae sapientes essent noverant periculum adesse.
QUOD and THAT
Section 556
The causal conjunctions quod, quia, cum (quom), and quoniam (quom iam) are all constructed from Latin pronouns (compare qui,quae,quod) just like our conjunction "that" which is made from the demonstrative pronoun "that". Note the following examples to illustrate similarity:
I am upset that he has left.
Rephrased: I am upset because he has left. {Means the same as above.
Latin: Me piget quod discessit.
He is happy that we are sailing.
Rephrased: He is happy because we are sailing.
Latin: Gaudet quod navigamus.
It turns out well that you are going.
It turns out well because you are going.
Bene accidit quod is. {The quod clause is actually acting as the subject of accidit.
Note that quod in some such instances and elsewhere in Latin is often translated "the fact that."
EMPHASIZING THE REASON
Section 555
You may emphasize the reason in English by putting "because" early in the sentence. Usually this position is also emphatic in Latin with quod and quia clauses, but early position is normal for cum and quoniam clauses as it is with "since" in English.
Because you are so nice, I will help you.
Quod tam mitis es, te adiuvabo.
It was because you left, that he hated you.
Quia discesseras, te oderat.
English and Latin may both use words or phrases of various kinds to emphasize the reason.
In English we may say things like "exactly because" or "especially since", and we may even emphasize the reason so much that the main clause is tiny in comparison.
It is for precisely this reason that the war has gone on for too many years.
In Latin, common words or phrases added to the main clause to signpost or emphasize the reason include: ideo, idcirco, propterea, ea causa (abl. of cause).
Examples:
He left for this reason because he hates you with all his heart.
Ideo discessit quod te toto pectore odit.
For this very reason he is coming because he wants to.
Ipsa causa venit quod vult.
CONCESSIONS, Ch. 56
Concession clauses in English typically start with although, even though, even if, or however. The main clause is occasionally marked by a word like still or nevertheless.
You might remind yourself of the subjunctive cum clauses of concession (sect. 461) even though they are not really covered here. In Latin the main clause in a sentence with a concession clause might have tamen or nihilominus.
As with causal clauses, participles may be used to represent a concessive clause.
Example:
Having defeated the enemy, he still could not forget that his friends had been killed.
Hostibus victis, tamen non potuit oblivisci amicos interfectos esse.
Summary
As your book rightly emphasizes you may concede a fact or an imagined possibility.
1. Fact
In Latin use quamquam, etsi, tametsi + indicative verb (or cum + subjunctive, see s. 461) for the concessive clause.
Examples:
Although you are king (a fact), you must obey the laws.
Quamquam rex es, legibus a te parendum est.
Etsi rex es,...
Though he is here (a fact), I do not see him.
Tametsi adest, eum non video.
2. Possibility
In Latin use etsi, etiam si, quamvis (usually with following adj. or adv.), or licet + subjunctive verb for the concessive clause.
Examples:
Even if you had not won (an imagined, unreal situation), I would still love you.
Etsi non vicisses, tamen te amarem.
Licet non vicisses, ...
However strong you are (accounting for any possibility), you will not break the chains.
Quamvis validus sis, catenas non franges.
RELATIVE
A relative clause may have a concessive meaning if the verb is subjunctive, as always the main clause may be marked in Latin by tamen/nihilominus.
He sent the soldiers who were not ready.
Rephrased: He sent the soldiers although they were not ready.
Milites qui parati non essent (nihilominus) misit.
Monday, November 29, 2010
Ch. 54
HW: 54A 1,2,3,5,9,13,20 & then complete this Mad Lib style English sentence and translate it into Latin:
Choose a kind of person (sailor,poet,etc.): ________________
Then choose an abstract noun (love,justice,etc.): ___________________
Then choose an adverb (rightly,stupidly,etc.): _________________
Then choose a concrete noun (fire,ball, etc.): _________________
Now reverse this English sentence (you can use a mirror if you have trouble reading backwards) and fill in your chosen words; then translate into Latin.
.(__concrete noun__) *sih/reh fo deppirts (__adverb__ ) saw *eh/ehs tub ,(__person__) a deerf (__abstract noun__) htiw gnik ehT
*same as the person you chose
ABLATIVE USES
This is mostly review and vocabulary lists, but here are a few notes.
541
Ablative of manner usually has the preposition cum + an ablative of an abstract noun (love, patience, etc.)) but with a few words (see 542) or when there is an adjective with the ablative noun, the cum is not needed. In English we often translate ablative of manner with an adverb instead of a prepositional phrase.
Examples:
with love, lovingly
cum amore
with the highest praise
summa cum laude
or
summa laude
with patientice, patiently
cum patientia
542
You do not need a cum with these ablatives of manner.
543
This just lists the verbs (and one adjective "liber") that may take an ablative of separation as a complement to complete the meaning.
Left Out Ablative of Cause Again
Your book again fails to mention one common ablative use, ablative of cause. Any ablative (without a preposition) that may be translated with "because of (abl.)" could be an ablative of cause.
Choose a kind of person (sailor,poet,etc.): ________________
Then choose an abstract noun (love,justice,etc.): ___________________
Then choose an adverb (rightly,stupidly,etc.): _________________
Then choose a concrete noun (fire,ball, etc.): _________________
Now reverse this English sentence (you can use a mirror if you have trouble reading backwards) and fill in your chosen words; then translate into Latin.
.(__concrete noun__) *sih/reh fo deppirts (__adverb__ ) saw *eh/ehs tub ,(__person__) a deerf (__abstract noun__) htiw gnik ehT
*same as the person you chose
ABLATIVE USES
This is mostly review and vocabulary lists, but here are a few notes.
541
Ablative of manner usually has the preposition cum + an ablative of an abstract noun (love, patience, etc.)) but with a few words (see 542) or when there is an adjective with the ablative noun, the cum is not needed. In English we often translate ablative of manner with an adverb instead of a prepositional phrase.
Examples:
with love, lovingly
cum amore
with the highest praise
summa cum laude
or
summa laude
with patientice, patiently
cum patientia
542
You do not need a cum with these ablatives of manner.
543
This just lists the verbs (and one adjective "liber") that may take an ablative of separation as a complement to complete the meaning.
Left Out Ablative of Cause Again
Your book again fails to mention one common ablative use, ablative of cause. Any ablative (without a preposition) that may be translated with "because of (abl.)" could be an ablative of cause.
Monday, November 22, 2010
Ch. 52-3
HW: 52A 2,5,6,7; 53A 1,5,6,9
SOME, ANY, EACH/EVERY
In order to master the use of indefinite pronouns and indefinite adverbs you need to understand the different categories and the root words from which they are constructed. Indefinites are usually constructed from interrogative or relative forms.
Here are some interrogative/relative bases with their indefinite versions:
quis who} aliquis someone, quisque everyone/each, quisquam anyone
quid what} aliquid something, quidque/quicque everything/each, quidquam/quicquam anything
qui,quae,quod who/what/which} aliqui some, quique every/each
quantus how/as much} aliquantus somewhat/some amount
ubi* where/when} aliubi somewhere, ubique everywhere, ubiquam wherever
ut* how/as} aliut somehow, utique anyhow, utiquam in every way
*ut and ubi used to be cut(i)/quot(i), and cubi/quobi from the same stem as qui,quae,quod
quando when} aliquando sometime, quandoque whenever
quamdiu how/as long} aliquamdiu for some time, quamquamdiu for however long
quotiens how/as often} aliquotiens some/several times
Many other examples could be given. You should consult the chart in your Allen and Greenough Grammar Book section 217 which lists many different kinds of adverbs. I will also give you another similar chart in class. You must understand the logical relationship among these words if you want to use them correctly.
PREFIXES/SUFFIXES
ali- This prefix will be translated either as "some" or "any".
-dam This suffix will be translated as "some" or "certain". -dam is more specific than ali-.
-quam This suffix will typically mean "some" or "any" but will be used in negative clauses or when there is suggestion of doubt/uncertainty.
-vis This suffix literally means "you want" and should usually be translated "any" or "any -soever"
-que This suffix will be translated as "each" or more rarely "every"
-cumque This suffix will be translated as "-ever" or "-soever"
*Don't forget after si, nisi, num, and ne you should use quis, quid for anyone, anything.*
You may also double relative and interrogative words to make an indefinite:
cui = to whom, cuicui = to whomever
quem = whom, quemquem = whomever
quae = which, quaequae = whichever
quo = (to) where, quoquo = (to) wherever
ubi = when/where, ubiubi = whenever/wherever
ullus, ulla, ullum = any
nullus, nulla, nullum = no, none
nonnullus = not no one, nonnulli = not no people (some people)
complures, complura = several
IDIOMS
alius...alius
The first alius is "one" or "some", the second is "another" or "others."
Examples:
Alia femina venit, alia non.
One woman is coming, the other is not.
Alios vicit, alios fugavit.
He conquered some, he put the others to flight.
nescio quis (nescioquis), nescio quid (nescioquid)
Nescio means "I don't know", so literally nescioquid means "I don't know what" but it should be translated "something". Nescio may similarly be combined with other Latin words to make indefinite forms. Some Latin texts write nescio together with the following word, others don't.
Examples:
Nescioquis hoc fecit. Someone did this. (I'm not quite sure who, but someone did.)
Nescio cui nocuit. He harmed someone. (I do not know who it was though.)
Nescioquo iit. He has gone somewhere. (Don't ask me where I don't know.)
IDIOMATIC USAGE WITH EVERY (quisque)
In Latin the words for each (quisque,uterque) and every (quisque) are often used in idiomatic contexts with numbers, superlatives and reflexives.
Superlatives (note adjective comes first):
Fortissimus quisque = "every bravest man," which means "all the bravest men"
Ordinal numbers (number comes first):
Septimus quisque = "every seventh person," which means "one in seven"
Reflexives referring to quisque/uterque are usually placed directly before:
Se quisque adiuvat. Each/every man helps himself.
Sua cuique... To each his own...
NO RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
Latin has no reciprocal pronoun ("each other" or "one another" in English), so they have to use inter + reflexive pronoun.
Examples:
They helped each other.
Rephrased: They helped among/between themselves.
Inter se adiuverunt.
We spoke to one another.
Rephrased: We spoke among/between ourselves.
Inter nos locuti sumus.
INDEFINITE RELATIVE CLAUSES (-ever, -soever)
Often these clauses will begin with a -cumque form or a doubled form like quemquem, quisquis, or quoquo, but regular relatives are also ok. Even though these are generalizing, they will use indicative verbs. Compare the cum clause "whenever" with an indicative verb (s. 464). If possible, follow the tense suggestions given in the cum clause section for "whenever".
Examples:
Whenever (as oftens as) he came, we went to the shop.
Quotiens venerat (plup.), ad tabernam iimus.
Wherever you go (or "have gone"), there I will be too.
Quoquo ieris (fut. perf.), ibi quoque adero.
Whatever you do, I am your friend.
Quidquid fecisti(perf.), sum amicus tuus.
SI + INDEFINITE PRONOUN/ADVERB = INDEFINITE RELATIVE
Finally, as they say in 535 si + an interrogative may be translated as an indefinite relative.
Examples:
si quid scis, narra mihi.
If you know anything, tell me.
Rephrased as relative: Tell me whatever you know.
Si quo ibis, te sequar.
If you go anywhere, I will follow.
Rephrased as relative: I will follow wherever you go.
SOME, ANY, EACH/EVERY
In order to master the use of indefinite pronouns and indefinite adverbs you need to understand the different categories and the root words from which they are constructed. Indefinites are usually constructed from interrogative or relative forms.
Here are some interrogative/relative bases with their indefinite versions:
quis who} aliquis someone, quisque everyone/each, quisquam anyone
quid what} aliquid something, quidque/quicque everything/each, quidquam/quicquam anything
qui,quae,quod who/what/which} aliqui some, quique every/each
quantus how/as much} aliquantus somewhat/some amount
ubi* where/when} aliubi somewhere, ubique everywhere, ubiquam wherever
ut* how/as} aliut somehow, utique anyhow, utiquam in every way
*ut and ubi used to be cut(i)/quot(i), and cubi/quobi from the same stem as qui,quae,quod
quando when} aliquando sometime, quandoque whenever
quamdiu how/as long} aliquamdiu for some time, quamquamdiu for however long
quotiens how/as often} aliquotiens some/several times
Many other examples could be given. You should consult the chart in your Allen and Greenough Grammar Book section 217 which lists many different kinds of adverbs. I will also give you another similar chart in class. You must understand the logical relationship among these words if you want to use them correctly.
PREFIXES/SUFFIXES
ali- This prefix will be translated either as "some" or "any".
-dam This suffix will be translated as "some" or "certain". -dam is more specific than ali-.
-quam This suffix will typically mean "some" or "any" but will be used in negative clauses or when there is suggestion of doubt/uncertainty.
-vis This suffix literally means "you want" and should usually be translated "any" or "any -soever"
-que This suffix will be translated as "each" or more rarely "every"
-cumque This suffix will be translated as "-ever" or "-soever"
*Don't forget after si, nisi, num, and ne you should use quis, quid for anyone, anything.*
You may also double relative and interrogative words to make an indefinite:
cui = to whom, cuicui = to whomever
quem = whom, quemquem = whomever
quae = which, quaequae = whichever
quo = (to) where, quoquo = (to) wherever
ubi = when/where, ubiubi = whenever/wherever
ullus, ulla, ullum = any
nullus, nulla, nullum = no, none
nonnullus = not no one, nonnulli = not no people (some people)
complures, complura = several
IDIOMS
alius...alius
The first alius is "one" or "some", the second is "another" or "others."
Examples:
Alia femina venit, alia non.
One woman is coming, the other is not.
Alios vicit, alios fugavit.
He conquered some, he put the others to flight.
nescio quis (nescioquis), nescio quid (nescioquid)
Nescio means "I don't know", so literally nescioquid means "I don't know what" but it should be translated "something". Nescio may similarly be combined with other Latin words to make indefinite forms. Some Latin texts write nescio together with the following word, others don't.
Examples:
Nescioquis hoc fecit. Someone did this. (I'm not quite sure who, but someone did.)
Nescio cui nocuit. He harmed someone. (I do not know who it was though.)
Nescioquo iit. He has gone somewhere. (Don't ask me where I don't know.)
IDIOMATIC USAGE WITH EVERY (quisque)
In Latin the words for each (quisque,uterque) and every (quisque) are often used in idiomatic contexts with numbers, superlatives and reflexives.
Superlatives (note adjective comes first):
Fortissimus quisque = "every bravest man," which means "all the bravest men"
Ordinal numbers (number comes first):
Septimus quisque = "every seventh person," which means "one in seven"
Reflexives referring to quisque/uterque are usually placed directly before:
Se quisque adiuvat. Each/every man helps himself.
Sua cuique... To each his own...
NO RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
Latin has no reciprocal pronoun ("each other" or "one another" in English), so they have to use inter + reflexive pronoun.
Examples:
They helped each other.
Rephrased: They helped among/between themselves.
Inter se adiuverunt.
We spoke to one another.
Rephrased: We spoke among/between ourselves.
Inter nos locuti sumus.
INDEFINITE RELATIVE CLAUSES (-ever, -soever)
Often these clauses will begin with a -cumque form or a doubled form like quemquem, quisquis, or quoquo, but regular relatives are also ok. Even though these are generalizing, they will use indicative verbs. Compare the cum clause "whenever" with an indicative verb (s. 464). If possible, follow the tense suggestions given in the cum clause section for "whenever".
Examples:
Whenever (as oftens as) he came, we went to the shop.
Quotiens venerat (plup.), ad tabernam iimus.
Wherever you go (or "have gone"), there I will be too.
Quoquo ieris (fut. perf.), ibi quoque adero.
Whatever you do, I am your friend.
Quidquid fecisti(perf.), sum amicus tuus.
SI + INDEFINITE PRONOUN/ADVERB = INDEFINITE RELATIVE
Finally, as they say in 535 si + an interrogative may be translated as an indefinite relative.
Examples:
si quid scis, narra mihi.
If you know anything, tell me.
Rephrased as relative: Tell me whatever you know.
Si quo ibis, te sequar.
If you go anywhere, I will follow.
Rephrased as relative: I will follow wherever you go.
Friday, November 19, 2010
Ch. 51
HW: 51A 1-8
Idioms of Preventing/Hindering (See your Allen and Greenough Grammar section 558)
Section 511
We usually show prevention in English with "from" and a gerund or participle.
Examples: I hindered them from dancing. You prevent me from keeping the gold.
However, Latin will use either an infinitive clause or a subjunctive clause of prevention. Prohibeo, non dubito, and non recuso may be followed by an infinitive or a subjunctive clause of prevention.
I prevent you from leaving.
Either: Prohibeo te discedere.
Or: Prohibeo te ne (or "quo minus") discedas*.
*Present subjunctive shows slightly later time in primary sequence.
I didn't hesitate to speak.
Either: Non dubitavi loqui.
Or: Non dubitavi quin loquerer*.
*Imperfect subjunctive shows slightly later time in secondary sequence.
Otherwise all the verb of preventing and restraining mentioned in 511 should be followed by a subjunctive clause of prevention. Clauses of prevention are constructed similar to purpose (final) clauses and use sequence of tenses.
Section 512
Use quo minus or ne to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a positive main clause.
He restrained everyone from going.
Rephrased: He restrained everyone so that they would not go.
Omnes retinuit quo minus (or "ne") irent (impf. subj.).
You will hinder me from singing.
Rephrased: You will hinder me so that I may not sing.
Impedies me ne (or "quo minus") canam (pres. subj.).
Use quo minus or quin to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a negative main clause. (Thus quo minus works in all cases.)
You all had not deterred the enemy from attacking.
Rephrased: You all had not deterred the enemy so that they would not attack.
Hostes non deterruistis quin (or "quo minus") oppugnarent.
I did not refrain from running.
Rephrased: I did not refrain (for myself) so that I would not run.
Non temperabam mihi quin currrerem.
Section 513
Two special impersonal idioms here... Since they are impersonal, the verbs (stare/abesse) must always be in the 3rd sing. "it" form in Latin.
IDIOM 1
per (acc. of person/thing) stare
Literal translation of the Latin: to stand/exist because of (acc.)
Rephrased to better English: to be the fault of (acc.) / to be due to (acc.)
Examples:
It was his fault we could not leave.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It stood because of him that we could not leave.
Per eum stetit quo minus discedere possemus.
Our failure to reach the island will be due to you.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It will stand because of you that we may not reach the island.
Per te stabit quo minus ad insulam perveniamus.
IDIOM 2
non multum abesse / haud procul abesse
to be not far (from) / to be by no means far off (from)
Rephrased closer to English: to almost happen / to nearly occur
Examples:
I nearly won.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It was not far from that I should win.
Non multum afuit quin (or "quo minus") vincerem.
Our country is close to being destroyed.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It is by no means far off from that our country may be destroyed.
Haud procul abest quin (or "quo minus") patria nostra deleatur.
Idioms of Preventing/Hindering (See your Allen and Greenough Grammar section 558)
Section 511
We usually show prevention in English with "from" and a gerund or participle.
Examples: I hindered them from dancing. You prevent me from keeping the gold.
However, Latin will use either an infinitive clause or a subjunctive clause of prevention. Prohibeo, non dubito, and non recuso may be followed by an infinitive or a subjunctive clause of prevention.
I prevent you from leaving.
Either: Prohibeo te discedere.
Or: Prohibeo te ne (or "quo minus") discedas*.
*Present subjunctive shows slightly later time in primary sequence.
I didn't hesitate to speak.
Either: Non dubitavi loqui.
Or: Non dubitavi quin loquerer*.
*Imperfect subjunctive shows slightly later time in secondary sequence.
Otherwise all the verb of preventing and restraining mentioned in 511 should be followed by a subjunctive clause of prevention. Clauses of prevention are constructed similar to purpose (final) clauses and use sequence of tenses.
Section 512
Use quo minus or ne to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a positive main clause.
He restrained everyone from going.
Rephrased: He restrained everyone so that they would not go.
Omnes retinuit quo minus (or "ne") irent (impf. subj.).
You will hinder me from singing.
Rephrased: You will hinder me so that I may not sing.
Impedies me ne (or "quo minus") canam (pres. subj.).
Use quo minus or quin to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a negative main clause. (Thus quo minus works in all cases.)
You all had not deterred the enemy from attacking.
Rephrased: You all had not deterred the enemy so that they would not attack.
Hostes non deterruistis quin (or "quo minus") oppugnarent.
I did not refrain from running.
Rephrased: I did not refrain (for myself) so that I would not run.
Non temperabam mihi quin currrerem.
Section 513
Two special impersonal idioms here... Since they are impersonal, the verbs (stare/abesse) must always be in the 3rd sing. "it" form in Latin.
IDIOM 1
per (acc. of person/thing) stare
Literal translation of the Latin: to stand/exist because of (acc.)
Rephrased to better English: to be the fault of (acc.) / to be due to (acc.)
Examples:
It was his fault we could not leave.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It stood because of him that we could not leave.
Per eum stetit quo minus discedere possemus.
Our failure to reach the island will be due to you.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It will stand because of you that we may not reach the island.
Per te stabit quo minus ad insulam perveniamus.
IDIOM 2
non multum abesse / haud procul abesse
to be not far (from) / to be by no means far off (from)
Rephrased closer to English: to almost happen / to nearly occur
Examples:
I nearly won.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It was not far from that I should win.
Non multum afuit quin (or "quo minus") vincerem.
Our country is close to being destroyed.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It is by no means far off from that our country may be destroyed.
Haud procul abest quin (or "quo minus") patria nostra deleatur.
Wednesday, November 17, 2010
Correct Dum Clause Story Endings
The following are the correct dum clause story endings. For extra credit on the dum clause homework, you may translate all five sentences and rank your three favorite endings from 1 (highest) to 3 (lowest). 1 point per correct translation and 1 point for ranking the top 3.
If I can get a reasonable amount of rankings (at least five), I'll compile the results and post the winners. The winners will each get a bonus on the final quiz: +3 (1st place), +2 (2nd place), +1 (3rd place).
Quam celerrime venerunt adiuvandi causa. (Richard Kim)
Comprehendi eum et natavi ad litus.* (Harry Perilstein)
Cecidi. (E Howser)
Sed serius erat quam ut eum servarem. (Eliza Liu)
Meum amicum comprehendi et ex undis eum tractavi.^ (Trevor Donelly)
In the voice of the narrator: Postea, magni pisces eis vescebantur. (Shaun Espenshade)
*I would probably reorder the clauses to put the verbs at the end but this is unnecessary.
^I would drop out the eum because context would suggest the same object as the previous clause but the eum is not grammatically wrong.
If I can get a reasonable amount of rankings (at least five), I'll compile the results and post the winners. The winners will each get a bonus on the final quiz: +3 (1st place), +2 (2nd place), +1 (3rd place).
Quam celerrime venerunt adiuvandi causa. (Richard Kim)
Comprehendi eum et natavi ad litus.* (Harry Perilstein)
Cecidi. (E Howser)
Sed serius erat quam ut eum servarem. (Eliza Liu)
Meum amicum comprehendi et ex undis eum tractavi.^ (Trevor Donelly)
In the voice of the narrator: Postea, magni pisces eis vescebantur. (Shaun Espenshade)
*I would probably reorder the clauses to put the verbs at the end but this is unnecessary.
^I would drop out the eum because context would suggest the same object as the previous clause but the eum is not grammatically wrong.
ch. 49-50
HW: 49A 1,2,3,10; 50A 1,4,5,7 and the following:
Compose an English sentence with “without” and translate into Latin without using sine.
QUIN
In section 491, the book confuses things a bit. Both here and in section 288 quin is actually a relative adverb. In origin quin is "qui" is an old ablative form of the interrogative and relative pronoun quis, quid or qui, quae, quod. This ablative has had the ne particle added to the end of it (and the final e as often has dropped off). Occasionally one will see it still introducing a question and meaning something like: "How is...not...?"
Example:
Quin defessus es?
How is it that you are not tired? or Why are you not tired?
QUIN WITH EXPRESSION OF DOUBT
After expressions of doubt a quin clause with a subjunctive verb following sequence of tenses is desired. However, note that dubito + quin (+subj.) means "I doubt that..." but dubito + inf. means "I hesitate to..."
Dubium erat quin veniret.
It was doubtful that he was coming.
Literally: It was doubtful whether he was not coming.
Non dubitaveram quin auxilio futurus esses.
I had not doubted that you would be helpful.
Literally: I had not doubted whether you were not going to be helpful.
QUIN WITH CONSECUTIVE/RESULT CLAUSES AFTER NEGATIVE MAIN CLAUSE
These kinds of clauses are often equivalent to a participle/gerund phrase beginning with "without" in English.
Examples:
I never went to town without buying food.
Rephrased in awkward English, but closer to Latin: I never went to town how (or "in a way") that I would not buy food.
Numquam ibam ad oppidum quin cibum emerem.
He will go nowhere without bad things happening.
Rephrased closer to Latin: He will go nowhere how (or "in a way") that bad things will not happen.
Nusquam ibit quin mala fiant.
Let no Elvis fan die without once seeing Graceland.
Rephrased closer to Latin: Let no fan/supporter of Elvis die how that he should not see Graceland, at least one time.
Ne fautor Elvis (3rd decl. gen.) moriatur quin Terram Gratiae videat, semel saltem.
I did not let a day pass without helping someone.
Rephrased: I let no day pass how that I would not be (for a ) help (to) someone.
Nullum diem omissi quin alicui (or "cui") auxilio essem.
QUIN RESULT AFTER NEGATIVE POSSUM IN MAIN CLAUSE
Examples:
I cannot help trying.
Rephrased closer to Latin: I cannot do (otherwise than) how that I should not try.
Non possum facere quin coner.
It cannot be that you are not bad. = You must be bad.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It cannot happen how that you should not be bad.
Non potest fieri quin malus sis.
WITHOUT, INSTEAD OF, SO FAR FROM
WITHOUT
See previous chapter notes for quin + subj. for "without...verbing".
Do NOT use the preposition sine with a Latin gerund.
The negative ablative absolute is often a good choice to translate an English without-phrase; see the examples in section 501. Here are a couple more:
Without capturing a bull
Rephrased: no bull having been captured
Nullo tauro capto
Without the arrival of reinforcements
Rephrased: No new troops arriving
Nullis novis copiis avenientibus
INSTEAD OF
Basically they are telling you to use cum concessive/circumstantial which uses a subjunctive verb. Though pro can mean "instead of" the Latin preposition will NEVER take a gerund as its object. Thus we have to change the English phrase into a full clause.
Examples:
The men instead of obeying fled the battle.
Rephrased: The men, whereas/when/although the should have/ought to have obeyed, fled from the battle.
Viri, cum obsequi deberent, e proelio fugerunt.
Instead of trying to help, they are abandoning us.
Rephrased: When/Although/Whereas they could have helped, they are abandoning us.
Cum adiuvare potuerint, nos relinquunt.
SO FAR FROM
This is an archaic (or British) expression for the most part, so it may not be familiar to you. It shows a strong statement of an opposite result.
Example:
So far from leaving, they stayed for years.
In modern American English we would usually expand this to:
They were so far from leaving that they stayed for years.
In such a sentence, notice that the emphasis is on the second clause which is often surprising or contrary to expectation.
Your book suggests three options:
1)not only...but even
non modo.. sed (etiam)
Not only were they not leaving, but they even/actually stayed for many years.
Non modo non relinquebant, sed (etiam/revera) multos annos manserunt.
2) (1st clause) is so far from (reality) that ...
Tantum abest ut (1st subj. clause) ut (2nd emphatic subj. clause).
That they should leave was so far from (reality) that they remained for many years.
Tantum afuit ut discederent ut multos annos manerent/manserint.
3) So much (main clause) that...
Adeo/tam (indicative main clause) ut (emphatic subjunctive clause)
They were so not leaving that they stayed for many years.
Adeo/tam non discedebant ut multos annos manserint/manerent.
Here's another example like in Section 505 to show how to do this with a not...even (ne...quidem). Remember ne..quidem surround only one emphatic word in Latin
So far from helping us, they did not even come.
Rephrased: Not only did they not help us, but they did not even come.
Non modo nos adiuverunt, sed ne venerunt quidem.
Compose an English sentence with “without” and translate into Latin without using sine.
QUIN
In section 491, the book confuses things a bit. Both here and in section 288 quin is actually a relative adverb. In origin quin is "qui" is an old ablative form of the interrogative and relative pronoun quis, quid or qui, quae, quod. This ablative has had the ne particle added to the end of it (and the final e as often has dropped off). Occasionally one will see it still introducing a question and meaning something like: "How is...not...?"
Example:
Quin defessus es?
How is it that you are not tired? or Why are you not tired?
QUIN WITH EXPRESSION OF DOUBT
After expressions of doubt a quin clause with a subjunctive verb following sequence of tenses is desired. However, note that dubito + quin (+subj.) means "I doubt that..." but dubito + inf. means "I hesitate to..."
Dubium erat quin veniret.
It was doubtful that he was coming.
Literally: It was doubtful whether he was not coming.
Non dubitaveram quin auxilio futurus esses.
I had not doubted that you would be helpful.
Literally: I had not doubted whether you were not going to be helpful.
QUIN WITH CONSECUTIVE/RESULT CLAUSES AFTER NEGATIVE MAIN CLAUSE
These kinds of clauses are often equivalent to a participle/gerund phrase beginning with "without" in English.
Examples:
I never went to town without buying food.
Rephrased in awkward English, but closer to Latin: I never went to town how (or "in a way") that I would not buy food.
Numquam ibam ad oppidum quin cibum emerem.
He will go nowhere without bad things happening.
Rephrased closer to Latin: He will go nowhere how (or "in a way") that bad things will not happen.
Nusquam ibit quin mala fiant.
Let no Elvis fan die without once seeing Graceland.
Rephrased closer to Latin: Let no fan/supporter of Elvis die how that he should not see Graceland, at least one time.
Ne fautor Elvis (3rd decl. gen.) moriatur quin Terram Gratiae videat, semel saltem.
I did not let a day pass without helping someone.
Rephrased: I let no day pass how that I would not be (for a ) help (to) someone.
Nullum diem omissi quin alicui (or "cui") auxilio essem.
QUIN RESULT AFTER NEGATIVE POSSUM IN MAIN CLAUSE
Examples:
I cannot help trying.
Rephrased closer to Latin: I cannot do (otherwise than) how that I should not try.
Non possum facere quin coner.
It cannot be that you are not bad. = You must be bad.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It cannot happen how that you should not be bad.
Non potest fieri quin malus sis.
WITHOUT, INSTEAD OF, SO FAR FROM
WITHOUT
See previous chapter notes for quin + subj. for "without...verbing".
Do NOT use the preposition sine with a Latin gerund.
The negative ablative absolute is often a good choice to translate an English without-phrase; see the examples in section 501. Here are a couple more:
Without capturing a bull
Rephrased: no bull having been captured
Nullo tauro capto
Without the arrival of reinforcements
Rephrased: No new troops arriving
Nullis novis copiis avenientibus
INSTEAD OF
Basically they are telling you to use cum concessive/circumstantial which uses a subjunctive verb. Though pro can mean "instead of" the Latin preposition will NEVER take a gerund as its object. Thus we have to change the English phrase into a full clause.
Examples:
The men instead of obeying fled the battle.
Rephrased: The men, whereas/when/although the should have/ought to have obeyed, fled from the battle.
Viri, cum obsequi deberent, e proelio fugerunt.
Instead of trying to help, they are abandoning us.
Rephrased: When/Although/Whereas they could have helped, they are abandoning us.
Cum adiuvare potuerint, nos relinquunt.
SO FAR FROM
This is an archaic (or British) expression for the most part, so it may not be familiar to you. It shows a strong statement of an opposite result.
Example:
So far from leaving, they stayed for years.
In modern American English we would usually expand this to:
They were so far from leaving that they stayed for years.
In such a sentence, notice that the emphasis is on the second clause which is often surprising or contrary to expectation.
Your book suggests three options:
1)not only...but even
non modo.. sed (etiam)
Not only were they not leaving, but they even/actually stayed for many years.
Non modo non relinquebant, sed (etiam/revera) multos annos manserunt.
2) (1st clause) is so far from (reality) that ...
Tantum abest ut (1st subj. clause) ut (2nd emphatic subj. clause).
That they should leave was so far from (reality) that they remained for many years.
Tantum afuit ut discederent ut multos annos manerent/manserint.
3) So much (main clause) that...
Adeo/tam (indicative main clause) ut (emphatic subjunctive clause)
They were so not leaving that they stayed for many years.
Adeo/tam non discedebant ut multos annos manserint/manerent.
Here's another example like in Section 505 to show how to do this with a not...even (ne...quidem). Remember ne..quidem surround only one emphatic word in Latin
So far from helping us, they did not even come.
Rephrased: Not only did they not help us, but they did not even come.
Non modo nos adiuverunt, sed ne venerunt quidem.
Friday, November 12, 2010
Ch. 47
Just for variety we are not doing sentences out of the book this time. Here's the assignment.
47 HW Dum Clause Sheet (Handed out in class)
1. I wanted to stay until he arrived (i.e. until he should arrive).
2. But, as long as I was waiting, the water kept rising higher until it reached my feet.
3. Meanwhile he was running as fast as he could (i.e. as quickly as possible) until he became too tired.
4. I decided to stay longer as long as (provided that) the waves did not reach my knees*.
*genu, genus n. knee
5. Meanwhile he walked till he could walk no more.
6. Then, while the water level (i.e. height/depth of the water) was still increasing, I saw him stumble.
7. Quickly I threw myself into the water and swam towards him, while he was falling beneath the waves.
8. [Write your own Latin sentence as an end to the story… It need not have a dum clause.]
THE CONJUNCTION DUM
Section 552-7 in your Allen and Greenough Grammar
Firstly, dum is a partial synonym of quoad and donec which may replace dum when it means "while" (in the sense "as long as") with any indicative tense or when it means "until" with indicative.
Dum can mean while, as long as, provided that (often with "modo"), until, or till.
See the summary at Section 476 for basic pointers.
TEMPORAL WHILE AND AS LONG AS
If translating a temporal "while" dum will take either present indicative or another indicative tense.
Dum as "while" with present indicative shows the time within which the main clauses happens/happened.
Dum as "while" with other indicative tenses (and also when both clauses have present indictive) means "as long as", in other words it shows that both clauses extended over the same extent of time.
Examples:
While he was walking this way, we shouted at him.
*One shout occured at one point within the time he was walking
Dum huc ambulat, ei adclamavimus.
While (As long as) he was walking, we kept on shouting at him.
*The shouting went on the whole time as he was walking.
Dum ambulabat, ei adclamabamus.
While (As long as) I have breath, I will fight.
*The breathing and fighting are supposed to extend over the same time.
Dum spiritus mihi erit^, pugnabo.
^Latin has future here as in simple future conditions; English has present.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL WHILE, SO LONG AS, OR PROVIDED THAT
These kinds of clauses are called clauses of proviso, and in Latin the dum will have a subjunctive verb and occasionally "modo" will follow dum. If a negative is needed for the dum clause, use "ne" as if in a purpose clause. The subjunctive verb is chosen as with purpose clauses following sequence of tenses. In English we may also use a subjunctive: So long as(Provided that) you should not need me, I will just stay out of the way.
Examples:
While (So long as/ Provided that) he is not coming, I can sleep a long time.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: Provided that he should not come, I can sleep a long time.
Dum (modo) ne veniat, possum diu dormire.
He wanted to leave so long as (provided that) it was not necessary to stay.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He wanted to leave so long as it were not (or "should not be") necessary to stay.
Exire voluit dum (modo) ne manere necesse esset.
DUM AS UNTIL OR TILL
When only or primarily describing a temporal relationship, the dum clause uses an indicative verb.
When indicating another connection such as intention dum requires a subjunctive as do antequam and priusquam in such a context. Such intention is common after verbs such as "wait" (expectare). In such cases, English may use a subjunctive to though it sounds archaic or stilted. Note in these dum clauses the negatives are regular (non, nullus, etc.), not ne, because it is a sort of potential subjunctive.
WARNING
***Remember "until" after a negative main clause is translated with antequam or priusquam, not dum, in Latin (Section 455).***
Examples:
He waited until we came. (intention/purpose)
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He waited until we should/could come.
Expectabat dum veniremus.
I ran until I stumbled. (no intention)
Currebam dum prolapsus sum.
He advanced until the river blocked his course. (no intention)
Progressus est dum flumen iter suum impedivit.
He had wanted to help until you arrived.* (intention; see explanation below)
*"He" intended to help someone until "you" arrived to help, whereupon "he" intended to leave.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He had wanted to help until you should/might arrive.
Adiuvare voluerat dum advenires.
We desire to run until we cannot (should not) be able to. (intention)
Currere cupimus dum non possimus.
47 HW Dum Clause Sheet (Handed out in class)
1. I wanted to stay until he arrived (i.e. until he should arrive).
2. But, as long as I was waiting, the water kept rising higher until it reached my feet.
3. Meanwhile he was running as fast as he could (i.e. as quickly as possible) until he became too tired.
4. I decided to stay longer as long as (provided that) the waves did not reach my knees*.
*genu, genus n. knee
5. Meanwhile he walked till he could walk no more.
6. Then, while the water level (i.e. height/depth of the water) was still increasing, I saw him stumble.
7. Quickly I threw myself into the water and swam towards him, while he was falling beneath the waves.
8. [Write your own Latin sentence as an end to the story… It need not have a dum clause.]
THE CONJUNCTION DUM
Section 552-7 in your Allen and Greenough Grammar
Firstly, dum is a partial synonym of quoad and donec which may replace dum when it means "while" (in the sense "as long as") with any indicative tense or when it means "until" with indicative.
Dum can mean while, as long as, provided that (often with "modo"), until, or till.
See the summary at Section 476 for basic pointers.
TEMPORAL WHILE AND AS LONG AS
If translating a temporal "while" dum will take either present indicative or another indicative tense.
Dum as "while" with present indicative shows the time within which the main clauses happens/happened.
Dum as "while" with other indicative tenses (and also when both clauses have present indictive) means "as long as", in other words it shows that both clauses extended over the same extent of time.
Examples:
While he was walking this way, we shouted at him.
*One shout occured at one point within the time he was walking
Dum huc ambulat, ei adclamavimus.
While (As long as) he was walking, we kept on shouting at him.
*The shouting went on the whole time as he was walking.
Dum ambulabat, ei adclamabamus.
While (As long as) I have breath, I will fight.
*The breathing and fighting are supposed to extend over the same time.
Dum spiritus mihi erit^, pugnabo.
^Latin has future here as in simple future conditions; English has present.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL WHILE, SO LONG AS, OR PROVIDED THAT
These kinds of clauses are called clauses of proviso, and in Latin the dum will have a subjunctive verb and occasionally "modo" will follow dum. If a negative is needed for the dum clause, use "ne" as if in a purpose clause. The subjunctive verb is chosen as with purpose clauses following sequence of tenses. In English we may also use a subjunctive: So long as(Provided that) you should not need me, I will just stay out of the way.
Examples:
While (So long as/ Provided that) he is not coming, I can sleep a long time.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: Provided that he should not come, I can sleep a long time.
Dum (modo) ne veniat, possum diu dormire.
He wanted to leave so long as (provided that) it was not necessary to stay.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He wanted to leave so long as it were not (or "should not be") necessary to stay.
Exire voluit dum (modo) ne manere necesse esset.
DUM AS UNTIL OR TILL
When only or primarily describing a temporal relationship, the dum clause uses an indicative verb.
When indicating another connection such as intention dum requires a subjunctive as do antequam and priusquam in such a context. Such intention is common after verbs such as "wait" (expectare). In such cases, English may use a subjunctive to though it sounds archaic or stilted. Note in these dum clauses the negatives are regular (non, nullus, etc.), not ne, because it is a sort of potential subjunctive.
WARNING
***Remember "until" after a negative main clause is translated with antequam or priusquam, not dum, in Latin (Section 455).***
Examples:
He waited until we came. (intention/purpose)
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He waited until we should/could come.
Expectabat dum veniremus.
I ran until I stumbled. (no intention)
Currebam dum prolapsus sum.
He advanced until the river blocked his course. (no intention)
Progressus est dum flumen iter suum impedivit.
He had wanted to help until you arrived.* (intention; see explanation below)
*"He" intended to help someone until "you" arrived to help, whereupon "he" intended to leave.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He had wanted to help until you should/might arrive.
Adiuvare voluerat dum advenires.
We desire to run until we cannot (should not) be able to. (intention)
Currere cupimus dum non possimus.
Thursday, November 11, 2010
EXTRA CREDIT SENTENCES
Anyone who wants may rank their top three favorite sentences and translate all 7 into good English. You can earn 1 point of extra credit for a quiz grade per sentence that you translate correctly and 1 point simply for ranking the top 3.
Trevor Donnelly
Domum prius relinquere conatus est quam venti venirent.
Lizzy McMahon
Prius clamavit quam caderes.
Harry Perilstein
ante fugere conatus est quam advenirem.
Brett Giacco
Antequam discederes, copiam transportavit.
Eliza Liu
domum veniet ante quam nox adveniat.
Kyle Rhoads
Antequam ludo adsim* scribam epistolam ad matrem.
*adsum sometimes takes a dative as here; but I would suggest a place where expression such as "in ludo" or "ludi" (locative).
Shaun Espenshade
Noluit prius superare quam omnem* daret.
*omnis (s.) every; (pl.) all
Trevor Donnelly
Domum prius relinquere conatus est quam venti venirent.
Lizzy McMahon
Prius clamavit quam caderes.
Harry Perilstein
ante fugere conatus est quam advenirem.
Brett Giacco
Antequam discederes, copiam transportavit.
Eliza Liu
domum veniet ante quam nox adveniat.
Kyle Rhoads
Antequam ludo adsim* scribam epistolam ad matrem.
*adsum sometimes takes a dative as here; but I would suggest a place where expression such as "in ludo" or "ludi" (locative).
Shaun Espenshade
Noluit prius superare quam omnem* daret.
*omnis (s.) every; (pl.) all
Wednesday, November 10, 2010
Ch. 46
HW: 46A 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,10
CUM CLAUSES
The word cum as a preposition takes the ablative case and means "with". You see it in ablative of accompaniment (We went with the sailors. "cum nautis") and ablative of manner (He graduated with great praise. "magna cum laude").
The word cum as a conjunction is an alternate spelling for "quom," the spelling used by Cicero and others of the first century BC and earlier.
Cum the conjunction introduces a full clause (clauses have verbs, phrases do not) and is translated: when, since, although, whereas, or whenever.
Here are the three types of cum clauses that always take the subjunctive; notice the names all begin with c, hopefully this will help you remember them. They all follow sequence of tenses.
Cum Circumstantial (tells the circumstances in which the main clause occurs)
When the enemy was beseiging us, we had a small supply of food.
Cum hostes nos obsiderent*, parva nobis copia erat cibi.
*imperfect subjunctive shows same (_or later) relative time in secondary sequence
When he arrived, we greeted him.
Cum advenisset*, eum salutavimus.
*pluperfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in secondary sequence
Cum Causal (tells the cause or reason for the main clause)
Since/because you are coming, we will win.
Cum venias*, vincemus.
*present subjunctive shows same (or later) relative time in primary sequence
Since/because he left (has left), we are leaving too.
Cum discesserit*, quoque discedimus.
*perfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in primary sequence
Cum Concessive (tells the adverse or opposing situation in spite of which the main clause occurs)
In English, the main clause often has "still" or "nevertheless"; in Latin "tamen" and "nihilominus" are similarly often found.
Although you had helped, we were (still) defeated.
Cum adiuvisses*, (tamen) victi sumus.
*pluperfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in secondary sequence
Although she is here, he (nevertheless) will not look at her.
Cum illa adsit*, ille (nihilominus) ipsam/illam/eam non spectabit.
*present subjunctive shows same (or later) relative time in primary sequence
Cum Temporal
When cum refers only to a time relationship, indicative may be used and must be used for primary tenses (present, future, future perfect). Indicative may even be used with other tenses when marked by time adverbs or phrases which suggest that the main or only important relationship between the clauses is TIME.
Examples:
When you were consul, then (at the time) I was still a soldier.
Cum consul eras, tum (eo tempore) iam eram miles.
When you first arrived (As soon as you arrived), we greeted you.
Cum primum advenisti, te salutavimus.
Cum = whenever
Cum can be translated "whenever" with indicative tense. As your book indicates, this will usually (but not always) be when the cum clause verb is perfect (with present main clause), future perfect (with future main clause), or pluperfect (with past tense, espe. impf., main clause) so that the cum clause clearly shows it is earlier than the main clause. This construction is akin to the present, future, and past general conditions which use si/nisi + inidcative verb. Sometimes this kind of cum clause will be associated with a main-clause word or phrase such as always (semper) or often (saepe).
Examples:
Whenever I saw him, I (always/continually) thanked him (used to thank him).
Cum eum videram, ei gratias (semper) agebam.
Whenever he comes (will have come), I will (always) help him.
Cum venerit, ei (semper) succurram.
Whenever he leaves, we (always) follow.
Cum exiit, (semper) sequimur.
Inverted Cum Clause or Cum Inversum
A cum clause with an indicative verb may be placed at the end of the sentence for emphasis. It is called an inverted cum clause. Sometimes a time word meaning suddenly or unexpectedly (subito, repente, de improviso) will occur in the cum clause; sometimes the main clause will have a word/phrase such as "just now" (iam/iam modo) or "only barely" (tantum/modo). The cum clause usually has a perfect or present indicative verb.
Examples:
The sun was rising when (suddenly) we saw the enemy approaching.
Sol oriebatur cum (subito) vidimus hostes appropinquare/appropinquantes.
The general had just finished his speech when (unexpectedly) the spears fell out of the sky.
Dux orationem iam modo perfecit cum de improviso hastae de caelo cadunt (vivid historical present).
Since this/that is so...
In English expressions of this sort, Latin usually uses a plural connecting relative pronoun to link back to the previous sentence, and the verb thus is plural agreeing with the relative pronoun subject:
Since that had been so...
Quae cum ita fuissent...
Since this is the case...
Quae cum ita sint...
Cum...tum as correlative "both...and"
Though they literally mean "when" and "then". Cum and tum may be used as a stronger version of et...et, that is, "both...and". When they are used this way, they may join single words or whole phrases.
I saw both the senators and the people.
Cum senatores tum plebem vidi.
I will eat green eggs and ham both on a boat and with a goat.
Ovis et perna prasina cum in nave tum cum capro vescar.
CUM CLAUSES
The word cum as a preposition takes the ablative case and means "with". You see it in ablative of accompaniment (We went with the sailors. "cum nautis") and ablative of manner (He graduated with great praise. "magna cum laude").
The word cum as a conjunction is an alternate spelling for "quom," the spelling used by Cicero and others of the first century BC and earlier.
Cum the conjunction introduces a full clause (clauses have verbs, phrases do not) and is translated: when, since, although, whereas, or whenever.
Here are the three types of cum clauses that always take the subjunctive; notice the names all begin with c, hopefully this will help you remember them. They all follow sequence of tenses.
Cum Circumstantial (tells the circumstances in which the main clause occurs)
When the enemy was beseiging us, we had a small supply of food.
Cum hostes nos obsiderent*, parva nobis copia erat cibi.
*imperfect subjunctive shows same (_or later) relative time in secondary sequence
When he arrived, we greeted him.
Cum advenisset*, eum salutavimus.
*pluperfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in secondary sequence
Cum Causal (tells the cause or reason for the main clause)
Since/because you are coming, we will win.
Cum venias*, vincemus.
*present subjunctive shows same (or later) relative time in primary sequence
Since/because he left (has left), we are leaving too.
Cum discesserit*, quoque discedimus.
*perfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in primary sequence
Cum Concessive (tells the adverse or opposing situation in spite of which the main clause occurs)
In English, the main clause often has "still" or "nevertheless"; in Latin "tamen" and "nihilominus" are similarly often found.
Although you had helped, we were (still) defeated.
Cum adiuvisses*, (tamen) victi sumus.
*pluperfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in secondary sequence
Although she is here, he (nevertheless) will not look at her.
Cum illa adsit*, ille (nihilominus) ipsam/illam/eam non spectabit.
*present subjunctive shows same (or later) relative time in primary sequence
Cum Temporal
When cum refers only to a time relationship, indicative may be used and must be used for primary tenses (present, future, future perfect). Indicative may even be used with other tenses when marked by time adverbs or phrases which suggest that the main or only important relationship between the clauses is TIME.
Examples:
When you were consul, then (at the time) I was still a soldier.
Cum consul eras, tum (eo tempore) iam eram miles.
When you first arrived (As soon as you arrived), we greeted you.
Cum primum advenisti, te salutavimus.
Cum = whenever
Cum can be translated "whenever" with indicative tense. As your book indicates, this will usually (but not always) be when the cum clause verb is perfect (with present main clause), future perfect (with future main clause), or pluperfect (with past tense, espe. impf., main clause) so that the cum clause clearly shows it is earlier than the main clause. This construction is akin to the present, future, and past general conditions which use si/nisi + inidcative verb. Sometimes this kind of cum clause will be associated with a main-clause word or phrase such as always (semper) or often (saepe).
Examples:
Whenever I saw him, I (always/continually) thanked him (used to thank him).
Cum eum videram, ei gratias (semper) agebam.
Whenever he comes (will have come), I will (always) help him.
Cum venerit, ei (semper) succurram.
Whenever he leaves, we (always) follow.
Cum exiit, (semper) sequimur.
Inverted Cum Clause or Cum Inversum
A cum clause with an indicative verb may be placed at the end of the sentence for emphasis. It is called an inverted cum clause. Sometimes a time word meaning suddenly or unexpectedly (subito, repente, de improviso) will occur in the cum clause; sometimes the main clause will have a word/phrase such as "just now" (iam/iam modo) or "only barely" (tantum/modo). The cum clause usually has a perfect or present indicative verb.
Examples:
The sun was rising when (suddenly) we saw the enemy approaching.
Sol oriebatur cum (subito) vidimus hostes appropinquare/appropinquantes.
The general had just finished his speech when (unexpectedly) the spears fell out of the sky.
Dux orationem iam modo perfecit cum de improviso hastae de caelo cadunt (vivid historical present).
Since this/that is so...
In English expressions of this sort, Latin usually uses a plural connecting relative pronoun to link back to the previous sentence, and the verb thus is plural agreeing with the relative pronoun subject:
Since that had been so...
Quae cum ita fuissent...
Since this is the case...
Quae cum ita sint...
Cum...tum as correlative "both...and"
Though they literally mean "when" and "then". Cum and tum may be used as a stronger version of et...et, that is, "both...and". When they are used this way, they may join single words or whole phrases.
I saw both the senators and the people.
Cum senatores tum plebem vidi.
I will eat green eggs and ham both on a boat and with a goat.
Ovis et perna prasina cum in nave tum cum capro vescar.
Monday, November 8, 2010
Ch. 45
HW: 45A 1,5,6,7,8,9 45B 8,9 and compose the following for extra credit:
a sentence with a temporal clause with prius quam or ante quam showing intent (give English and Latin versions).
Adverbial Clauses of Time
Typically these have an indicative verb if just reflecting a temporal relationship of the clauses. However, if another connection is operative (for example, if the clause shows cause or purpose), the verb is often subjunctive. The most conjunctions most commonly used this way with subjunctive are dum, antequam, and priusquam.
See section 451 for a list of the main adverbs used for temporal clauses and their usual translations.
For this chapter do NOT use the conjunction cum (when/since/although) which is covered in ch. 46.
Section 452
Warns you that cum can take subjunctive in a past tense temporal clause (we will learn more about this in ch. 46) and that Postquam + perfect indicative means the same thing as Ubi/Quando + pluperfect indicative. In other words, "after...verbed" is the same thing as saying "when...had verbed." See examples below to understand what I mean.
Examples:
English: When they had left, we came out of the house.
Latin: Ubi discesserant(plup.), e domo venimus.
Different English with same meaning: After they left, we came out of the house.
Different Latin with same meaning: Postquam discesserunt(perf.), e domo venimus.
Also note that when the main clause is future a before-clause with ante quam in Latin will use present indicative instead of future. This is special because Latin usually uses future for subordinate clauses in a future context--remember the future more vivid conditions that we just studied: if you come (venies future in Latin), I will see you.
Examples:
English: Before you leave, I will tell you.
With ante quam: Ante quam discedis(pres.), tibi dicam(fut.).
With other word for before: Prius quam discedes(fut.), tibi dicam(fut.).
Section 453
The two parts of postquam, antequam, and priusquam may be placed together (written as one or two words) or separated by several words. This is because ante and prius literally mean "earlier" and post literally means "later" while "quam" means "than". Thus "ante...quam" is "earlier...than" and "post...quam" is "later...than".
Examples:
Before you went, I saw you.
Either: Antequam (or "priusquam") iisti, te vidi.
Or: Prius/ante te vidi quam iisti. {Literally: I saw you earlier than you went.
After I come, you leave.
Either: Postquam venio, discedis.
Or: Post discedis quam venio. {Literally: You leave later than I come.
You should use the separate way if you need to insert a specific expression such as "three days before" or "two years after". These will be constructed with an ablative of degree or measure of difference, i.e. "earlier by three days" or "later by two years".
Examples:
He left four hours before you arrived.
Rephrased: He left earlier by four hours than you arrived.
Good Latin: Quattuor ante/prius horis(abl.) discessit quam advenisti.
One year after you arrived, you left again.
Rephrased: You left again later by one year than you arrived.
Good Latin: Iterum discessisti uno post anno quam advenisti.
Section 454
Subjunctive verb in a temporal clause indicates that something more is going on. Perhaps the clause hints at intention/purpose or cause. Usually these clauses will take imperfect subjunctive (if secondary) and present subjunctive (if primary).
Examples:
Before you arrived, he left. {He left because he did not want to see you.
Latin: Antequam advenires(impf. subj.), discessit.
They left before we arrived. {They did not want to stick around with us.
Latin: Prius discesserunt quam adveniremus.
*Note a literal translation of the above Latin subjunctives makes it more clear that there is a specific intention here: Before you might/should arrive, he left. They left earlier than we might/would arrive.
Section 455
Until must be translated with priusquam or antequam with a negative main clause IF AND ONLY IF until can be replaced by before in English. Otherwise use dum. Note that until- or till-clauses almost always show intention and thus need subjunctives.
He was staying until we left. {Can't replace until with before.
Latin: Manebat dum discederemus. {Subj. because shows intention/purpose
He did not want to come until he learned that I was coming. {Can substitute before for until.
Latin: Venire noluit antequam/priusquam me venire novit. {No intention involved, the situation was a surprise, so indicative more likely here.
a sentence with a temporal clause with prius quam or ante quam showing intent (give English and Latin versions).
Adverbial Clauses of Time
Typically these have an indicative verb if just reflecting a temporal relationship of the clauses. However, if another connection is operative (for example, if the clause shows cause or purpose), the verb is often subjunctive. The most conjunctions most commonly used this way with subjunctive are dum, antequam, and priusquam.
See section 451 for a list of the main adverbs used for temporal clauses and their usual translations.
For this chapter do NOT use the conjunction cum (when/since/although) which is covered in ch. 46.
Section 452
Warns you that cum can take subjunctive in a past tense temporal clause (we will learn more about this in ch. 46) and that Postquam + perfect indicative means the same thing as Ubi/Quando + pluperfect indicative. In other words, "after...verbed" is the same thing as saying "when...had verbed." See examples below to understand what I mean.
Examples:
English: When they had left, we came out of the house.
Latin: Ubi discesserant(plup.), e domo venimus.
Different English with same meaning: After they left, we came out of the house.
Different Latin with same meaning: Postquam discesserunt(perf.), e domo venimus.
Also note that when the main clause is future a before-clause with ante quam in Latin will use present indicative instead of future. This is special because Latin usually uses future for subordinate clauses in a future context--remember the future more vivid conditions that we just studied: if you come (venies future in Latin), I will see you.
Examples:
English: Before you leave, I will tell you.
With ante quam: Ante quam discedis(pres.), tibi dicam(fut.).
With other word for before: Prius quam discedes(fut.), tibi dicam(fut.).
Section 453
The two parts of postquam, antequam, and priusquam may be placed together (written as one or two words) or separated by several words. This is because ante and prius literally mean "earlier" and post literally means "later" while "quam" means "than". Thus "ante...quam" is "earlier...than" and "post...quam" is "later...than".
Examples:
Before you went, I saw you.
Either: Antequam (or "priusquam") iisti, te vidi.
Or: Prius/ante te vidi quam iisti. {Literally: I saw you earlier than you went.
After I come, you leave.
Either: Postquam venio, discedis.
Or: Post discedis quam venio. {Literally: You leave later than I come.
You should use the separate way if you need to insert a specific expression such as "three days before" or "two years after". These will be constructed with an ablative of degree or measure of difference, i.e. "earlier by three days" or "later by two years".
Examples:
He left four hours before you arrived.
Rephrased: He left earlier by four hours than you arrived.
Good Latin: Quattuor ante/prius horis(abl.) discessit quam advenisti.
One year after you arrived, you left again.
Rephrased: You left again later by one year than you arrived.
Good Latin: Iterum discessisti uno post anno quam advenisti.
Section 454
Subjunctive verb in a temporal clause indicates that something more is going on. Perhaps the clause hints at intention/purpose or cause. Usually these clauses will take imperfect subjunctive (if secondary) and present subjunctive (if primary).
Examples:
Before you arrived, he left. {He left because he did not want to see you.
Latin: Antequam advenires(impf. subj.), discessit.
They left before we arrived. {They did not want to stick around with us.
Latin: Prius discesserunt quam adveniremus.
*Note a literal translation of the above Latin subjunctives makes it more clear that there is a specific intention here: Before you might/should arrive, he left. They left earlier than we might/would arrive.
Section 455
Until must be translated with priusquam or antequam with a negative main clause IF AND ONLY IF until can be replaced by before in English. Otherwise use dum. Note that until- or till-clauses almost always show intention and thus need subjunctives.
He was staying until we left. {Can't replace until with before.
Latin: Manebat dum discederemus. {Subj. because shows intention/purpose
He did not want to come until he learned that I was coming. {Can substitute before for until.
Latin: Venire noluit antequam/priusquam me venire novit. {No intention involved, the situation was a surprise, so indicative more likely here.
Friday, November 5, 2010
ch. 43-44
HW: 43A 5,7,9,10 44A 1,2,3,4
CONDITIONS 43 & 44
Conditions have two clauses the main- or then-clause (also called the apodosis) and the subordinate if-clause (also called the protasis). Usually the if-clause (protasis) comes first, e.g.: "If you saw, you would agree." But it doesn't have to, e.g.: "I will leave, if he comes." English if-clauses (protases) are marked in one of these ways, with "if", with "unless" (for negative clauses), with "whether", or by putting the verb first in the clause.
Examples of conditions in English:
With if
If you leave, I will too.
If he had died, we would have cried.
With whether
Whether you come or go, we will be happy.
With unless
Unless he has left, we will not attend.
By putting the verb first in the clause
Were you doing good, I would applaud you.
Had he fought, he would have won.
TWO MAIN KINDS OF CONDITIONS
In both Latin and English there are two main kinds of conditions. Simple or general conditions that use regular indicative verbs and ideal or imaginary conditions that use subjunctive verbs.
Simple conditions are constructed in the same way in English and Latin for present and past tenses. In Latin si = if and nisi = unless/if not.
Examples:
If he left, I followed. {Past general = Whenever he left, I followed.
Si discessit, secutus sum.
If you are coming, we are coming too.
Si venis, quoque venimus.
Unless he is leaving, we are not staying.
Nisi discedit, non manemus.
However, future or future perfect simple conditions (which are also called future more vivid conditions) have a present or perfect tense verb in the if-clause in English while Latin follows the logical sequence and uses future or future perfect tense for both clauses.
Examples:
If they come, I will see them.
Si venient(fut.)/venerint(fut. perf.), eos videbo(fut.).
If you build it, they will come.
Si id aedificabis(fut.)/aedificaveris(fut. perf.), venient(fut.).
Unless you remind them, they won't remember.
Nisi eos admonebis(fut.)/admonueris(fut. perf.), non meminerint(fut. perf.).
Subjunctive Ideal/Imaginary Conditions
First, I should give you an overview of the subjunctive in English. In most cases English uses a modal helping verb (also called auxiliary verb) to indicate subjunctive. Here are some common ones: may, might, could, would, and should.
However, English still has a present subjunctive and has some left overs of the old past/preterite subjunctive forms.
English present subjunctive is the same as the English present infinitive without the "to".
to come } come
to see } see
to be } be
Examples of usage:
Be(subj.) that as it may.
Come(subj.) what will.
We fear lest he come(subj.)*. {Correct but archaic sounding
*Note that the English present subjunctive has no final -s for the 3rd s. forms (he/she/it), whereas the English present indicative does: He comes.
English preterite/past subjunctive:
were
would
should
could
might
Note that all the above past subjunctives are also past tense indicative forms for be, will, shall, can, and may. This is because Old English past subjunctive forms have combined with past indicative forms. They used to have a slightly different vowel sound which is still preserved in German which is a more conservative Germanic language. Because there is no difference between past indicative and subjunctive forms we always usually use one of the above modal verbs to note the subjunctive flavor a verb.
Examples:
Were(subj.) he only here!
Would(subj.) that she had come!
You might(subj.) believe me.
That concludes the English subjunctive interlude.
Now time for the subjunctive conditions
There is somewhat of a difference between what your book calls future ideal conditions and present or past ideal conditions.
Many other books would call a future ideal condition either a future less vivid (because it is not as vivid as the future more vivid which has future indicative) or a "should-would" condition (because it can be translated with should and would). Such conditions refer to a possible, but not strongly stated, future condition.
Typically the if-clause has "should" or "were to" and the then-clause has "would" in English.
Examples:
If he should come (or "were to come"), we would greet him warmly.
If you should leave (or "were to leave"), I would go too.
*Note the difference between the above future less vivid and the future more vivid: If he DOES come, we WILL greet him warmly. If you LEAVE, I WILL go too.
The present and past ideal conditions are often called unreal or contrafactual or contrary-to-fact conditions. A present contrary-to-fact condition states a present condition that is impossible or unreal. A past contrary-to-fact condition states a past condition that is impossible or unreal.
Typically a present contrary-to-fact condition has "were verbing"/"verbed" for the if-clause and "would verb" or "would be verbing" for the then-clause.
Typically a past contrary-to-fact condition has "had been verbing"/"had verbed" for the if-clause and "would have verbed" or "would have been verbing" for the then-clause.
Examples:
If he were leaving, we would go too. (but neither is true)
Were he coming, I would wait. (but neither is true)
We would not have left if he had gone. (but neither is true)
If you had come, I would not have joined in. (but neither is true)
English and Latin Examples of Subjunctive Conditions
Future Ideal/Future Less Vivid/"Should-Would": present subjunctive in Latin
If you should leave, I would follow.
Si discedas, sequar.
If he were to go, they would too.
Si eat, quoque eant.
Present Ideal/Present Unreal/Present Contrary-to-Fact: imperfect subjunctive in Latin
Unless you were leaving, you would not be sad.
Nisi discederes, non esses maestus.
If she were running (ran), she would win.
Si ea curreret, vinceret.
Past Ideal/Past Unreal/Past Contrary-to-Fact: pluperfect subjunctive in Latin
If you had run, you would have won.
Si cucurrisses, vicisses.
Unless he had left, we would have left soon.
Nisi discessisset, mox discessissemus.
One may mix present and past unreal:
If he had come, we would see him now.
Si venisset, eum nunc videremus.
Section 444
This just shows that an imperfect subjunctive could be translated as pluperfect in the company of tum (a time expression). This is a situation which is similar to something I have mentioned before. Where we say "I have been doing this for a long time" Latin might use present tense and say "hoc iam pridem facio". The time expression ("iam pridem") affects the way the Latin speaker and audience think of the verb.
CONDITIONS 43 & 44
Conditions have two clauses the main- or then-clause (also called the apodosis) and the subordinate if-clause (also called the protasis). Usually the if-clause (protasis) comes first, e.g.: "If you saw, you would agree." But it doesn't have to, e.g.: "I will leave, if he comes." English if-clauses (protases) are marked in one of these ways, with "if", with "unless" (for negative clauses), with "whether", or by putting the verb first in the clause.
Examples of conditions in English:
With if
If you leave, I will too.
If he had died, we would have cried.
With whether
Whether you come or go, we will be happy.
With unless
Unless he has left, we will not attend.
By putting the verb first in the clause
Were you doing good, I would applaud you.
Had he fought, he would have won.
TWO MAIN KINDS OF CONDITIONS
In both Latin and English there are two main kinds of conditions. Simple or general conditions that use regular indicative verbs and ideal or imaginary conditions that use subjunctive verbs.
Simple conditions are constructed in the same way in English and Latin for present and past tenses. In Latin si = if and nisi = unless/if not.
Examples:
If he left, I followed. {Past general = Whenever he left, I followed.
Si discessit, secutus sum.
If you are coming, we are coming too.
Si venis, quoque venimus.
Unless he is leaving, we are not staying.
Nisi discedit, non manemus.
However, future or future perfect simple conditions (which are also called future more vivid conditions) have a present or perfect tense verb in the if-clause in English while Latin follows the logical sequence and uses future or future perfect tense for both clauses.
Examples:
If they come, I will see them.
Si venient(fut.)/venerint(fut. perf.), eos videbo(fut.).
If you build it, they will come.
Si id aedificabis(fut.)/aedificaveris(fut. perf.), venient(fut.).
Unless you remind them, they won't remember.
Nisi eos admonebis(fut.)/admonueris(fut. perf.), non meminerint(fut. perf.).
Subjunctive Ideal/Imaginary Conditions
First, I should give you an overview of the subjunctive in English. In most cases English uses a modal helping verb (also called auxiliary verb) to indicate subjunctive. Here are some common ones: may, might, could, would, and should.
However, English still has a present subjunctive and has some left overs of the old past/preterite subjunctive forms.
English present subjunctive is the same as the English present infinitive without the "to".
to come } come
to see } see
to be } be
Examples of usage:
Be(subj.) that as it may.
Come(subj.) what will.
We fear lest he come(subj.)*. {Correct but archaic sounding
*Note that the English present subjunctive has no final -s for the 3rd s. forms (he/she/it), whereas the English present indicative does: He comes.
English preterite/past subjunctive:
were
would
should
could
might
Note that all the above past subjunctives are also past tense indicative forms for be, will, shall, can, and may. This is because Old English past subjunctive forms have combined with past indicative forms. They used to have a slightly different vowel sound which is still preserved in German which is a more conservative Germanic language. Because there is no difference between past indicative and subjunctive forms we always usually use one of the above modal verbs to note the subjunctive flavor a verb.
Examples:
Were(subj.) he only here!
Would(subj.) that she had come!
You might(subj.) believe me.
That concludes the English subjunctive interlude.
Now time for the subjunctive conditions
There is somewhat of a difference between what your book calls future ideal conditions and present or past ideal conditions.
Many other books would call a future ideal condition either a future less vivid (because it is not as vivid as the future more vivid which has future indicative) or a "should-would" condition (because it can be translated with should and would). Such conditions refer to a possible, but not strongly stated, future condition.
Typically the if-clause has "should" or "were to" and the then-clause has "would" in English.
Examples:
If he should come (or "were to come"), we would greet him warmly.
If you should leave (or "were to leave"), I would go too.
*Note the difference between the above future less vivid and the future more vivid: If he DOES come, we WILL greet him warmly. If you LEAVE, I WILL go too.
The present and past ideal conditions are often called unreal or contrafactual or contrary-to-fact conditions. A present contrary-to-fact condition states a present condition that is impossible or unreal. A past contrary-to-fact condition states a past condition that is impossible or unreal.
Typically a present contrary-to-fact condition has "were verbing"/"verbed" for the if-clause and "would verb" or "would be verbing" for the then-clause.
Typically a past contrary-to-fact condition has "had been verbing"/"had verbed" for the if-clause and "would have verbed" or "would have been verbing" for the then-clause.
Examples:
If he were leaving, we would go too. (but neither is true)
Were he coming, I would wait. (but neither is true)
We would not have left if he had gone. (but neither is true)
If you had come, I would not have joined in. (but neither is true)
English and Latin Examples of Subjunctive Conditions
Future Ideal/Future Less Vivid/"Should-Would": present subjunctive in Latin
If you should leave, I would follow.
Si discedas, sequar.
If he were to go, they would too.
Si eat, quoque eant.
Present Ideal/Present Unreal/Present Contrary-to-Fact: imperfect subjunctive in Latin
Unless you were leaving, you would not be sad.
Nisi discederes, non esses maestus.
If she were running (ran), she would win.
Si ea curreret, vinceret.
Past Ideal/Past Unreal/Past Contrary-to-Fact: pluperfect subjunctive in Latin
If you had run, you would have won.
Si cucurrisses, vicisses.
Unless he had left, we would have left soon.
Nisi discessisset, mox discessissemus.
One may mix present and past unreal:
If he had come, we would see him now.
Si venisset, eum nunc videremus.
Section 444
This just shows that an imperfect subjunctive could be translated as pluperfect in the company of tum (a time expression). This is a situation which is similar to something I have mentioned before. Where we say "I have been doing this for a long time" Latin might use present tense and say "hoc iam pridem facio". The time expression ("iam pridem") affects the way the Latin speaker and audience think of the verb.
Wednesday, November 3, 2010
Ch. 41-42
HW: 41A 2,3,4,5,7 42A 2,8,10
41
Section 411
They are just showing you the difference between Latin and English when using the listed adjectives. Latin makes the adjectives agree with the noun; English has a noun and "of".
Examples:
At the end of the year
Extremo anno
In the middle of the road
In media via
The rest of the men
reliqui viri
Sections 412-414
Genitives and ablatives of description
They suggest using genitive with numbers, as this is common:
a group of six men
manus sex virorum
an army of two legions
exercitus duarum legionum
They suggest using genitive with genus (kind/sort) and modus (manner/sort):
a man of this sort
vir huiusmodi
soldiers of all kinds
milites omnium generum
women of every type
feminae cuiusque generis
Ablative of description is common with physical features and with temporary states of mind:
They were men of great height. {Don't use genitive even though it sounds genitive.
Illi erant magna statura.
She was a woman with beautiful hair.
Ea erat pulchris capillis.
He was of good cheer (i.e. happy). {Don't use genitive even though it sounds genitive.
Fuit bono animo.
I was in bad spirits.
Eram malo animo.
You can use either ablative or genitive to describe most personal abstract qualities such as bravery, wisdom, or faith:
a leader of great intelligence
dux magnae intellegentiae
a queen of similar wisdom
regina similis sapientiae
an enemy of extreme audacity
hostis extrema audacia(abl.)
Sections 415-16
Specific idiomatic constructions that are different in Latin and English.
Here are some translated examples:
He had never heard of you.
De te(abl.) numquam audiverat.
It is full of water.
Plenum est aquae/aqua(gen. or abl.).
They died of hunger.
Mortui sunt fame(abl.).
You are worthy of praise.
Dignus es laude(abl.).
We are going to the island of Sicily.
Imus ad insulam Siciliam (acc. = same case as "island", not gen.).
You think a lot of him.
Magni aestimas eum (acc.).
The battle of Pharsalus
Rephrased: The battle fought at Pharsalus
proelium ad Pharsalum factum
Alternatively rephrased: Pharsalian battle
Pharsalium proelium
They have deserved well of you.
Bene meriti sunt de vobis (abl.).
The war has reached such a point of madness that we no longer know why we are fighting.
Bellum eo iit insaniae(partitive gentitive with eo) ut iam nesciremus quare pugnaremus.
42 (Review)
Sections 421-423
Easy... just use genitive for the object of verbs of remembering and forgetting and use genitive for the charge with verbs that mean blame, accuse, charge, condemn, etc. and use genitive for the object of misereor.
Examples:
I forgot him.
Eius(gen.) oblitus sum.
I remember you.
Tui memini.
Remember us!
Memento nostri!
I accuse you of murder.
Te caedis(gen.) accuso.
They were being condemned for sedition/mutiny.
Damnabantur seditionis.
I pity the fool. (ala Mr. T)
Misereor stulti (gen.).
Section 424
Just a list of adjectives that often take a complementary genitive.
41
Section 411
They are just showing you the difference between Latin and English when using the listed adjectives. Latin makes the adjectives agree with the noun; English has a noun and "of".
Examples:
At the end of the year
Extremo anno
In the middle of the road
In media via
The rest of the men
reliqui viri
Sections 412-414
Genitives and ablatives of description
They suggest using genitive with numbers, as this is common:
a group of six men
manus sex virorum
an army of two legions
exercitus duarum legionum
They suggest using genitive with genus (kind/sort) and modus (manner/sort):
a man of this sort
vir huiusmodi
soldiers of all kinds
milites omnium generum
women of every type
feminae cuiusque generis
Ablative of description is common with physical features and with temporary states of mind:
They were men of great height. {Don't use genitive even though it sounds genitive.
Illi erant magna statura.
She was a woman with beautiful hair.
Ea erat pulchris capillis.
He was of good cheer (i.e. happy). {Don't use genitive even though it sounds genitive.
Fuit bono animo.
I was in bad spirits.
Eram malo animo.
You can use either ablative or genitive to describe most personal abstract qualities such as bravery, wisdom, or faith:
a leader of great intelligence
dux magnae intellegentiae
a queen of similar wisdom
regina similis sapientiae
an enemy of extreme audacity
hostis extrema audacia(abl.)
Sections 415-16
Specific idiomatic constructions that are different in Latin and English.
Here are some translated examples:
He had never heard of you.
De te(abl.) numquam audiverat.
It is full of water.
Plenum est aquae/aqua(gen. or abl.).
They died of hunger.
Mortui sunt fame(abl.).
You are worthy of praise.
Dignus es laude(abl.).
We are going to the island of Sicily.
Imus ad insulam Siciliam (acc. = same case as "island", not gen.).
You think a lot of him.
Magni aestimas eum (acc.).
The battle of Pharsalus
Rephrased: The battle fought at Pharsalus
proelium ad Pharsalum factum
Alternatively rephrased: Pharsalian battle
Pharsalium proelium
They have deserved well of you.
Bene meriti sunt de vobis (abl.).
The war has reached such a point of madness that we no longer know why we are fighting.
Bellum eo iit insaniae(partitive gentitive with eo) ut iam nesciremus quare pugnaremus.
42 (Review)
Sections 421-423
Easy... just use genitive for the object of verbs of remembering and forgetting and use genitive for the charge with verbs that mean blame, accuse, charge, condemn, etc. and use genitive for the object of misereor.
Examples:
I forgot him.
Eius(gen.) oblitus sum.
I remember you.
Tui memini.
Remember us!
Memento nostri!
I accuse you of murder.
Te caedis(gen.) accuso.
They were being condemned for sedition/mutiny.
Damnabantur seditionis.
I pity the fool. (ala Mr. T)
Misereor stulti (gen.).
Section 424
Just a list of adjectives that often take a complementary genitive.
Monday, November 1, 2010
Ch. 40
HW: 40A 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 20
IMPERSONAL VERBS
Impersonal verbs are so called because they do not have a personal subjective in the nominative case. What is conceptually the subject will actually be in some other case in Latin.
Section 402
Verbs of Feeling with a genitive of the object of feeling and accusative of the subject.
miseret: +acc. of subject and +gen. of object.
Translate: (acc.) feels sorry/pity for (gen.).
Note: The literal translation (which is awkward and misleading in English) is: "It makes (acc.) feel sorry for (gen.)"
NOTE: If a pronoun is the genitive object, you must use the objective genitive forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri, or vestri.
Example:
Te mei miseret.
Literally: It makes you feel sorry for me.
Good English: You feel sorry/pity for me.
Me tui miseruit.
Literally: It made me feel sorry for you.
Good English: I felt sorry/pity for you.
Other verbs that work the same way are listed below. These verbs are all 2nd conjugation so the imperfect is -ebat, the perfect -uit (except taedet has pertaesum est), and the future is -ebit.
paenitet - (acc.) feels sorry/repentant for (gen.)
piget - (acc.) feels peeved/annoyed/irked/upset about/at (gen.)
pudet - (acc.) feels ashamed about (gen.)
taedet- (acc.) feels tired/bored about/of (gen.)
Examples:
Paenitet eos erroris.
They are sorry (repentant) about the mistake.
Mox taedebit Caesarem pugnandi.
Caesar will soon be tired of fighting.
Pudebat me filiae.
I was ashamed of my daughter.
Piget hunc virum nostri.
This man is peeved/annoyed with us.
Section 403
Impersonals that tend to take an infinitive.
Some take accusative subject and infinitive verb.
oportet - (acc.) ought to (inf.), it is (acc.)'s duty to (inf.)
decet- it befits (acc.) to (inf.), it is proper for (acc.) to (inf.)
I ought to leave. It is my duty to leave.
me discedere oportet.
It will befit him to win. It will be proper for him to win.
Decebit eum vincere.
Some take dative of interest for the person involved.
libet- it pleases (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) likes (inf.)
licet- it is permitted or allowed for (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) may (inf.)
It pleased us to build the city. We liked to build the city.
Libuit (or "libitum est") nobis urbem aedificare.
It is permitted for you all to go. You all may go.
Licet vobis ire.
Section 404
Verbs often used as impersonals.
iuvat: It pleases (acc.) to (inf.)
It pleases us to come. Nos venire iuvat.
placet: It pleases/is pleasing for (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It was pleasing for me to sail. I decided to sail.
Navigare mihi placuit.
videtur: It seems good/best to (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It seems best to him to stay. He decides to stay.
Manere ei videtur.
Many of the above impersonals may sometimes take an ut clause instead of acc./dat and inf.
Examples:
Iuvat ut adsis.
It is pleasing that you are here.
Placuit ut Catilina hostis rei publicae esset.
It was decided that Catiline was an enemy of the state.
These ut clauses are typically called substantive result clauses and they also occur with verbs that mean happen.
Accidit ut vincat. It happens that he is winning.
Factum est ut adesset. It happened that he was present.
Section 405
The book is confusing here so read my notes carefully.
First, interest (3rd sing. of intersum) is a synonym of re fert (also written as one word "refert"). Both verbs are used impersonally and mean "(something) is important to/for (someone)."
Here are the possible subjects: a neuter nominative singular pronoun (hoc, id, illud), an infinitive by itself, an infinitive with accusative subject, an ut clause (substantive clause of result as mentioned above), or an indirect/reported question.
In order to show how important (the degree of importance), you may use an adverb such as maxime (very) or minime (very little) or nihil (not all all) or a genitive of indefinite value (ch. 32) such as magni (a lot, much) or parvi (a little).
No matter what subject or degree is expressed the person(s) involved will be in the genitive case, even though it sounds more like a dative in English, unless the person is a personal pronoun for which see the note below.
EXAMPLES OF EACH KIND OF SUBJECT
Pronoun
This is very important to Caesar.
Hoc (nom.s.n.) Caesaris(gen.) maxime interest/refert.
Infinitive
Canere Romanorum nihil intererat/retulit.
Singing was not at all important to the Romans.
Accusative + infinitive
Eum ridere patris magni interest/refert.
It was quite important for his father that he was smiling.
or His smiling was of much importance to his father.
ut clause (substantive result)
It will be of little importance that he came.
Ut venerit parvi intererit/referet.
Indirect question
It is very inconsequential/unimportant whether she has left.
Minime/minimi interest/refert num ea discesserit?
Peronal Pronouns with interest/refert
If the person involved is to be expressed with a personal or reflexive pronoun, then you must use the ablative singular feminine of the possessive adjective: mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra. This is because it is meant to agree with the ablative singular femine re in refert. With interest the same construction is used by analogy.
EXAMPLES WITH PERSONAL PRONOUNS
This matters little to me.
Hoc mea parvi interest/refert.
The city's being built mattered a lot to us.
Urbem aedificari nostra magni interfuit/retulit.
Where I am going does not matter to you?
Refertne nihil tua quo eam? or Quo eam nihil refert tua?
Section 406
Warns you that you do not need a word for "it" as the subject of an impersonal infinitive.
E.g.
He says that he feels sorry about you.
Dicit se(acc. obj.) tui(gen.) miserere.
Literal translation of the Latin: He says that it* makes him feel sorry for you.
*There is not any word for the it in Latin. I have mentioned this before--impersonal verbs in Latin never have a real expressed subject only the vague understood "it" subject.
Also shows you how to make a command form of impersonal verbs with jussive subjunctive (since they cannot use imperatives).
E.g.
Do not feel sorry for me!
Ne mei te misereat!
Literally: Let it not make you feel sorry for me!
Do not be ashamed of us!
Ne nostri te pudeat!
Literally: Let it not make you ashamed of us!
Section 407
Notes that you may use a subjunctive in place of acc./dat. +inf. with the verbs licet, oportet, and necesse est.
E.g.
You must leave. It is necessary that you leave.
Necesse est discedas.
He ought to come with us. It is fitting that he come with us.
Oportet veniat nobiscum.
They may sing. It is permitted that they sing.
Licet canant.
IMPERSONAL VERBS
Impersonal verbs are so called because they do not have a personal subjective in the nominative case. What is conceptually the subject will actually be in some other case in Latin.
Section 402
Verbs of Feeling with a genitive of the object of feeling and accusative of the subject.
miseret: +acc. of subject and +gen. of object.
Translate: (acc.) feels sorry/pity for (gen.).
Note: The literal translation (which is awkward and misleading in English) is: "It makes (acc.) feel sorry for (gen.)"
NOTE: If a pronoun is the genitive object, you must use the objective genitive forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri, or vestri.
Example:
Te mei miseret.
Literally: It makes you feel sorry for me.
Good English: You feel sorry/pity for me.
Me tui miseruit.
Literally: It made me feel sorry for you.
Good English: I felt sorry/pity for you.
Other verbs that work the same way are listed below. These verbs are all 2nd conjugation so the imperfect is -ebat, the perfect -uit (except taedet has pertaesum est), and the future is -ebit.
paenitet - (acc.) feels sorry/repentant for (gen.)
piget - (acc.) feels peeved/annoyed/irked/upset about/at (gen.)
pudet - (acc.) feels ashamed about (gen.)
taedet- (acc.) feels tired/bored about/of (gen.)
Examples:
Paenitet eos erroris.
They are sorry (repentant) about the mistake.
Mox taedebit Caesarem pugnandi.
Caesar will soon be tired of fighting.
Pudebat me filiae.
I was ashamed of my daughter.
Piget hunc virum nostri.
This man is peeved/annoyed with us.
Section 403
Impersonals that tend to take an infinitive.
Some take accusative subject and infinitive verb.
oportet - (acc.) ought to (inf.), it is (acc.)'s duty to (inf.)
decet- it befits (acc.) to (inf.), it is proper for (acc.) to (inf.)
I ought to leave. It is my duty to leave.
me discedere oportet.
It will befit him to win. It will be proper for him to win.
Decebit eum vincere.
Some take dative of interest for the person involved.
libet- it pleases (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) likes (inf.)
licet- it is permitted or allowed for (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) may (inf.)
It pleased us to build the city. We liked to build the city.
Libuit (or "libitum est") nobis urbem aedificare.
It is permitted for you all to go. You all may go.
Licet vobis ire.
Section 404
Verbs often used as impersonals.
iuvat: It pleases (acc.) to (inf.)
It pleases us to come. Nos venire iuvat.
placet: It pleases/is pleasing for (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It was pleasing for me to sail. I decided to sail.
Navigare mihi placuit.
videtur: It seems good/best to (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It seems best to him to stay. He decides to stay.
Manere ei videtur.
Many of the above impersonals may sometimes take an ut clause instead of acc./dat and inf.
Examples:
Iuvat ut adsis.
It is pleasing that you are here.
Placuit ut Catilina hostis rei publicae esset.
It was decided that Catiline was an enemy of the state.
These ut clauses are typically called substantive result clauses and they also occur with verbs that mean happen.
Accidit ut vincat. It happens that he is winning.
Factum est ut adesset. It happened that he was present.
Section 405
The book is confusing here so read my notes carefully.
First, interest (3rd sing. of intersum) is a synonym of re fert (also written as one word "refert"). Both verbs are used impersonally and mean "(something) is important to/for (someone)."
Here are the possible subjects: a neuter nominative singular pronoun (hoc, id, illud), an infinitive by itself, an infinitive with accusative subject, an ut clause (substantive clause of result as mentioned above), or an indirect/reported question.
In order to show how important (the degree of importance), you may use an adverb such as maxime (very) or minime (very little) or nihil (not all all) or a genitive of indefinite value (ch. 32) such as magni (a lot, much) or parvi (a little).
No matter what subject or degree is expressed the person(s) involved will be in the genitive case, even though it sounds more like a dative in English, unless the person is a personal pronoun for which see the note below.
EXAMPLES OF EACH KIND OF SUBJECT
Pronoun
This is very important to Caesar.
Hoc (nom.s.n.) Caesaris(gen.) maxime interest/refert.
Infinitive
Canere Romanorum nihil intererat/retulit.
Singing was not at all important to the Romans.
Accusative + infinitive
Eum ridere patris magni interest/refert.
It was quite important for his father that he was smiling.
or His smiling was of much importance to his father.
ut clause (substantive result)
It will be of little importance that he came.
Ut venerit parvi intererit/referet.
Indirect question
It is very inconsequential/unimportant whether she has left.
Minime/minimi interest/refert num ea discesserit?
Peronal Pronouns with interest/refert
If the person involved is to be expressed with a personal or reflexive pronoun, then you must use the ablative singular feminine of the possessive adjective: mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra. This is because it is meant to agree with the ablative singular femine re in refert. With interest the same construction is used by analogy.
EXAMPLES WITH PERSONAL PRONOUNS
This matters little to me.
Hoc mea parvi interest/refert.
The city's being built mattered a lot to us.
Urbem aedificari nostra magni interfuit/retulit.
Where I am going does not matter to you?
Refertne nihil tua quo eam? or Quo eam nihil refert tua?
Section 406
Warns you that you do not need a word for "it" as the subject of an impersonal infinitive.
E.g.
He says that he feels sorry about you.
Dicit se(acc. obj.) tui(gen.) miserere.
Literal translation of the Latin: He says that it* makes him feel sorry for you.
*There is not any word for the it in Latin. I have mentioned this before--impersonal verbs in Latin never have a real expressed subject only the vague understood "it" subject.
Also shows you how to make a command form of impersonal verbs with jussive subjunctive (since they cannot use imperatives).
E.g.
Do not feel sorry for me!
Ne mei te misereat!
Literally: Let it not make you feel sorry for me!
Do not be ashamed of us!
Ne nostri te pudeat!
Literally: Let it not make you ashamed of us!
Section 407
Notes that you may use a subjunctive in place of acc./dat. +inf. with the verbs licet, oportet, and necesse est.
E.g.
You must leave. It is necessary that you leave.
Necesse est discedas.
He ought to come with us. It is fitting that he come with us.
Oportet veniat nobiscum.
They may sing. It is permitted that they sing.
Licet canant.
Ch. 38 Extra Credit Sentences
Harry Perilstein
Quo lentius ambulo, eo melius video.
Eliza Liu
Quo plura edis, eo obesior fies.
Brett Giacco
Quo plura sumo, eo plura habeo.
Quo lentius ambulo, eo melius video.
Eliza Liu
Quo plura edis, eo obesior fies.
Brett Giacco
Quo plura sumo, eo plura habeo.
Friday, October 29, 2010
Ch. 39
HW: 39A 1,3,5,7,8,9,10 39B 7
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS
Section 392
OPTATIVE (From Latin optare "to wish" or "to choose")
Optative subjunctive is sometimes marked by an utinam (or less commonly si modo).
Wishes for the future use present subjunctive.
English: Would that he come! I wish he would come! May he come!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) veniat! {present subjunctive
Contrary-to-Fact or Unreal Wishes for the present use imperfect subjunctive.
English: Would that he were here! I wish he were here! Were he only here!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) abesset!
Contrary-to-Fact or Unreal Wishes for the past use pluperfect subjunctive.
English: Would that he had left! I wish he had left! Had he only left!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) discessisset!
Negative optative subjunctives use ne, not non.
English: May he not come! Would that he had not died!
Latin: (Utinam) ne veniat! (Utinam) ne mortuus esset!
Section 393
DELIBERATIVE
Used when someone is deliberating or thinking over what is/was/had to be done.
Deliberation about present/future action uses present subjunctive.
English: What am I to do? What should I do? What shall I do?
Latin: Quid faciam?
Deliberation about past action uses imperfect subjunctive.
English: What was he to say? What would/could/should he say?
Latin: Quid faceret?
Section 394
REPORTED DELIBERATIVE
In English reported deliberative questions are often expressed with an infinitive. In Latin you still use the subjunctive as in regular deliberative questions and regular indirect questions.
English: We want to find out *what to do*.
Latin: Cupimus invenire *quid faciamus*.
English: He learned *what to eat*
Latin: Didicit *quo vesceretur*.
Section 395
POTENTIAL
This is most commonly found in conditions. When not in a conditional clause, potential subjunctive is often used with second person verbs in expressions like: You would say so too. You would all believe me.
Such statements as these imply a conditional such as "if you were there."
Future potential uses present subjunctive.
English: You may do the same. (if this happens to you someday)
Latin: Facias idem.
Present potential uses imperfect subjunctive.
English: You would/could/might say this too. (if you saw what I did)
Latin: Diceres quoque hoc.
Past potential uses pluperfect subjunctive.
English: You would/could/might have done the same thing.
Latin: Fecisses idem.
POLITE POTENTIALS
Potential subjunctives (generally 1st person forms) are also used in polite expressions like "I would rather (not)" or "I should/would like to". As explained in your book, these potential subjunctives of volo, malo, and nolo may be followed by an optative subjunctive of another verb.
Future (present subjunctive of volo/nolo/malo and pres. subj. of other verb)
English: I would/should like him to leave.
Latin: Velim discedat.
English: I would not like him to come.
Latin: Nolim veniat.
Present (imperfect subjunctives)
English: I should/would/could rather he were here.
Latin: Mallem adesset.
English: I would/should like it were they gone. ...for them to be gone.
Latin: Vellem abessent.
Past (imperfect subjunctive of volo/malo/nolo + plup. subj. of other verbs)
English: I would rather we had won.
Latin: Mallem vicissemus.
English: I would/should like it had he died.
Latin: Vellem mortuus esset.
Section 396
They seem to be making it more complex than necessary. In the example for this section, the putares could just be translated "you would think" rather than "you would have thought". It is the context with the perfect infinitive "audivisse" that made them want to use the perfect in English. However, neither English nor Latin requires perfect here for the potential expression. The imperfect subjunctive in Latin (and "would think" which is English preterite subjunctive) shows that it is a general statement that is really meant to be possible at any time (given the understood circumstances).
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS
Section 392
OPTATIVE (From Latin optare "to wish" or "to choose")
Optative subjunctive is sometimes marked by an utinam (or less commonly si modo).
Wishes for the future use present subjunctive.
English: Would that he come! I wish he would come! May he come!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) veniat! {present subjunctive
Contrary-to-Fact or Unreal Wishes for the present use imperfect subjunctive.
English: Would that he were here! I wish he were here! Were he only here!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) abesset!
Contrary-to-Fact or Unreal Wishes for the past use pluperfect subjunctive.
English: Would that he had left! I wish he had left! Had he only left!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) discessisset!
Negative optative subjunctives use ne, not non.
English: May he not come! Would that he had not died!
Latin: (Utinam) ne veniat! (Utinam) ne mortuus esset!
Section 393
DELIBERATIVE
Used when someone is deliberating or thinking over what is/was/had to be done.
Deliberation about present/future action uses present subjunctive.
English: What am I to do? What should I do? What shall I do?
Latin: Quid faciam?
Deliberation about past action uses imperfect subjunctive.
English: What was he to say? What would/could/should he say?
Latin: Quid faceret?
Section 394
REPORTED DELIBERATIVE
In English reported deliberative questions are often expressed with an infinitive. In Latin you still use the subjunctive as in regular deliberative questions and regular indirect questions.
English: We want to find out *what to do*.
Latin: Cupimus invenire *quid faciamus*.
English: He learned *what to eat*
Latin: Didicit *quo vesceretur*.
Section 395
POTENTIAL
This is most commonly found in conditions. When not in a conditional clause, potential subjunctive is often used with second person verbs in expressions like: You would say so too. You would all believe me.
Such statements as these imply a conditional such as "if you were there."
Future potential uses present subjunctive.
English: You may do the same. (if this happens to you someday)
Latin: Facias idem.
Present potential uses imperfect subjunctive.
English: You would/could/might say this too. (if you saw what I did)
Latin: Diceres quoque hoc.
Past potential uses pluperfect subjunctive.
English: You would/could/might have done the same thing.
Latin: Fecisses idem.
POLITE POTENTIALS
Potential subjunctives (generally 1st person forms) are also used in polite expressions like "I would rather (not)" or "I should/would like to". As explained in your book, these potential subjunctives of volo, malo, and nolo may be followed by an optative subjunctive of another verb.
Future (present subjunctive of volo/nolo/malo and pres. subj. of other verb)
English: I would/should like him to leave.
Latin: Velim discedat.
English: I would not like him to come.
Latin: Nolim veniat.
Present (imperfect subjunctives)
English: I should/would/could rather he were here.
Latin: Mallem adesset.
English: I would/should like it were they gone. ...for them to be gone.
Latin: Vellem abessent.
Past (imperfect subjunctive of volo/malo/nolo + plup. subj. of other verbs)
English: I would rather we had won.
Latin: Mallem vicissemus.
English: I would/should like it had he died.
Latin: Vellem mortuus esset.
Section 396
They seem to be making it more complex than necessary. In the example for this section, the putares could just be translated "you would think" rather than "you would have thought". It is the context with the perfect infinitive "audivisse" that made them want to use the perfect in English. However, neither English nor Latin requires perfect here for the potential expression. The imperfect subjunctive in Latin (and "would think" which is English preterite subjunctive) shows that it is a general statement that is really meant to be possible at any time (given the understood circumstances).
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Ch. 38
HW: 38A 1,2,4,5,6,8,9; 38B 2 and the following for extra credit:
Compose an English sentence with the idiom “the more…the more…” or "the -er...the -er" (see sect. 384) and then translate it into Latin.
This chapter is pretty straightforward; much of it is review or things we have mentioned before.
Section 381
In addition to what the book says here, I will tell you that ablative of comparison is almost never used except when the first thing being compared is nominative or accusative (usually subject or direct object of its clause).
Example:
No one is dumber than Marcus.
Nemo(nom. subj.) est stupidior Marco (abl.).
Section 382
Warns you that "than" (quam) is not needed in Latin in comparisons with "more than" or "less than" followed by a number.
more than 5 > plus quinque (V)
less than a thousand > minus mille (M)
In origin, this is probably because the number was treated as an ablative of comparison--only most numbers have no case endings.
Yet it also applies to cases where the numbers have endings:
Minus ducentos (acc.) homines vidi. I saw less (than) two hundred people.
Section 383
Where we only use one comparative is an expression like "more rich than smart", Latin uses comparatives for both adjectives. Literally the Latin will say something like: He is stronger (rather) than smarter.
Examples:
The ditch is deeper than it is wide. Fossa altior quam latior est.
The man was stronger than he was skilled. Vir validior/fortior quam peritior erat.
You ran more swiftly than far. Celerius quam longius cucurristi.
Section 384
In expressions like the "The more I fight, the more I lose," or "The faster I run, the more quickly I get home," each comparative will usually be proceeded by an ablative of degree or measure of difference (unless a form of quis intervenes). One of the ablatives will be eo or tanto (or occasionally "hoc"/"illo"), the other will be quo or quanto.
Examples:
The more (often) I win, the less you do.
Quo plus (or "saepius") vinco, eo minus tu.
The slower I walk, the later I will get home.
Quo lentius ambulo, eo serius ad domum adveniam.
The more gravely/seriously I hurt someone, the faster they* ran away.
Quanto cui^ gravius nocui, tanto celerius effugit*.
^cui is here used instead of alicui just as after si, nisi, num, and ne.
*Notice where we typically say "they" (though "he" is more proper), Latin uses a 3rd singular form reflecting the singular indefinite pronoun cui (= alicui after quanto, "someone").
Section 385
This warns you to use multo with comparative to say things like "much larger" or "far smaller" but use longe with superlative expressions like "much the richest" or "by far the longest"
Examples:
much larger
multo maior
far smaller
multo parvior
much the richest
longe ditissimus
by far the wisest
longe sapientissimus
Section 386 & 387
The superlative is usually used to translate phrases like "very good" and "as small as possible" (with preceding quam) except when "very" appears in a negative construction where "too" or "more" (or -er) could be substituted with no change in meaning.
Examples:
She is very strong.
Ea est validissima/fortissima.
Run as quickly as you can (or "as possible").
Curre quam celerrime.
Comparative in negative construction:
They were hoping the enemy would not arrive very quickly.
Restated: They were hoping the enemy would not arrive too quickly(or "more quickly (than they hoped)").
Sperabant ne hostes celerius advenirent. {Fear or negative optative clause
Section 388
Superlatives are used to praise or criticize people. Duh!
Use homo with negative-sounding superlatives and vir (or femina) with positive-sounding ones. Typically the superlatives follow the noun.
They want you to use superlatives in this chapter for regular adjectives such as "brave" or "evil" when they praise or criticize someone. In English we can achieve the same emphasis with a regular positive that we mark with our tone of voice: "he is a BAD guy", "she is a GREAT friend". Latin tends to use the superlative in most examples of praise and criticism.
Examples:
A BAD fellow, The worst fellow
homo pessimus
A SMART woman, The smartest woman
Femina intelligentissima
Compose an English sentence with the idiom “the more…the more…” or "the -er...the -er" (see sect. 384) and then translate it into Latin.
This chapter is pretty straightforward; much of it is review or things we have mentioned before.
Section 381
In addition to what the book says here, I will tell you that ablative of comparison is almost never used except when the first thing being compared is nominative or accusative (usually subject or direct object of its clause).
Example:
No one is dumber than Marcus.
Nemo(nom. subj.) est stupidior Marco (abl.).
Section 382
Warns you that "than" (quam) is not needed in Latin in comparisons with "more than" or "less than" followed by a number.
more than 5 > plus quinque (V)
less than a thousand > minus mille (M)
In origin, this is probably because the number was treated as an ablative of comparison--only most numbers have no case endings.
Yet it also applies to cases where the numbers have endings:
Minus ducentos (acc.) homines vidi. I saw less (than) two hundred people.
Section 383
Where we only use one comparative is an expression like "more rich than smart", Latin uses comparatives for both adjectives. Literally the Latin will say something like: He is stronger (rather) than smarter.
Examples:
The ditch is deeper than it is wide. Fossa altior quam latior est.
The man was stronger than he was skilled. Vir validior/fortior quam peritior erat.
You ran more swiftly than far. Celerius quam longius cucurristi.
Section 384
In expressions like the "The more I fight, the more I lose," or "The faster I run, the more quickly I get home," each comparative will usually be proceeded by an ablative of degree or measure of difference (unless a form of quis intervenes). One of the ablatives will be eo or tanto (or occasionally "hoc"/"illo"), the other will be quo or quanto.
Examples:
The more (often) I win, the less you do.
Quo plus (or "saepius") vinco, eo minus tu.
The slower I walk, the later I will get home.
Quo lentius ambulo, eo serius ad domum adveniam.
The more gravely/seriously I hurt someone, the faster they* ran away.
Quanto cui^ gravius nocui, tanto celerius effugit*.
^cui is here used instead of alicui just as after si, nisi, num, and ne.
*Notice where we typically say "they" (though "he" is more proper), Latin uses a 3rd singular form reflecting the singular indefinite pronoun cui (= alicui after quanto, "someone").
Section 385
This warns you to use multo with comparative to say things like "much larger" or "far smaller" but use longe with superlative expressions like "much the richest" or "by far the longest"
Examples:
much larger
multo maior
far smaller
multo parvior
much the richest
longe ditissimus
by far the wisest
longe sapientissimus
Section 386 & 387
The superlative is usually used to translate phrases like "very good" and "as small as possible" (with preceding quam) except when "very" appears in a negative construction where "too" or "more" (or -er) could be substituted with no change in meaning.
Examples:
She is very strong.
Ea est validissima/fortissima.
Run as quickly as you can (or "as possible").
Curre quam celerrime.
Comparative in negative construction:
They were hoping the enemy would not arrive very quickly.
Restated: They were hoping the enemy would not arrive too quickly(or "more quickly (than they hoped)").
Sperabant ne hostes celerius advenirent. {Fear or negative optative clause
Section 388
Superlatives are used to praise or criticize people. Duh!
Use homo with negative-sounding superlatives and vir (or femina) with positive-sounding ones. Typically the superlatives follow the noun.
They want you to use superlatives in this chapter for regular adjectives such as "brave" or "evil" when they praise or criticize someone. In English we can achieve the same emphasis with a regular positive that we mark with our tone of voice: "he is a BAD guy", "she is a GREAT friend". Latin tends to use the superlative in most examples of praise and criticism.
Examples:
A BAD fellow, The worst fellow
homo pessimus
A SMART woman, The smartest woman
Femina intelligentissima
Monday, October 25, 2010
Ch. 35 Extra Credit Sentences
Here are the correct extra credit sentences; I give alternatives with better word order for the first two.
Good job, Kyle, Harry, and Hanna!
Some of you others were close.
Exivi matrem visum./Matrem visum exii. Kyle
Venit ad ludum lectum libros./Ad ludum libros lectum venit. Harry
Gladiatores adfuerunt pugnatum. Hanna
Good job, Kyle, Harry, and Hanna!
Some of you others were close.
Exivi matrem visum./Matrem visum exii. Kyle
Venit ad ludum lectum libros./Ad ludum libros lectum venit. Harry
Gladiatores adfuerunt pugnatum. Hanna
Ch. 37
HW: 37A 1,2,4,5,8,10 37B 2 & 6
CORRELATIVES
Correlative expressions correlate (connect or associate) separate words or clauses.
See section 371 in your book for a list. Many of them are t- and q- words such as tam and quam or tot and quot. Is, ea, id (and occasionally other demonstratives such as ille, illa, illud or hic, haec, hoc) in its various forms is correlated with qui, quae, quod.
Examples:
Tam magnus quam tu est.
Literal: He is so big as you (are).
Usual English: He is as big as you.
Tot homines quot ille scio.
Literal: I know so many people as he (does)
Usual English: I know as many people as he (does).
Tanta bella quanta umquam fuerant erant.
Literal: So great were the wars as had ever been.
Usual English: The wars were as great as had ever been.
Ea (abl.) qua (abl.) veni veniet.
*Note the ablative ea understands a Latin "via" with it
Literal: He will come by that (way) by which I came.
Usual English: He will come the same way (that*) I did.
*The that may be omitted.
Eo* ire voluit quo* omnes iebant.
*Note Latin has to use the special place to which adverbs (eo/quo) instead of place where (ibi/ubi) since they here denote destinations. Also omnes is plural in Latin, but everyone is singular in English.
Literal: He wanted to go thither* whither* all were going.
*Archaic English place to which adverbs.
Usual English: He wanted to go the same place (that/where*) everyone was going.
*The that or where may be omitted.
Special examples with superlative in relative clause
Note the superlative moves from the main clause in normal English to the relative clause in normal Latin.
Normal English: I saw the biggest man who was there.
Rephrased, Awkward English: I saw him (or "the guy") who was the biggest there.
Normal Latin: Vidi eum qui maximus ibi erat.
Normal English: I gave the sword to the most deserving person whom I knew.
Rephrased, Stilted/Archaic English: I gave the sword to him whom I knew (to be) most worthy.
Normal Latin: Gladium ei quem dignissimum noveram dedi.
CORRELATIVES
Correlative expressions correlate (connect or associate) separate words or clauses.
See section 371 in your book for a list. Many of them are t- and q- words such as tam and quam or tot and quot. Is, ea, id (and occasionally other demonstratives such as ille, illa, illud or hic, haec, hoc) in its various forms is correlated with qui, quae, quod.
Examples:
Tam magnus quam tu est.
Literal: He is so big as you (are).
Usual English: He is as big as you.
Tot homines quot ille scio.
Literal: I know so many people as he (does)
Usual English: I know as many people as he (does).
Tanta bella quanta umquam fuerant erant.
Literal: So great were the wars as had ever been.
Usual English: The wars were as great as had ever been.
Ea (abl.) qua (abl.) veni veniet.
*Note the ablative ea understands a Latin "via" with it
Literal: He will come by that (way) by which I came.
Usual English: He will come the same way (that*) I did.
*The that may be omitted.
Eo* ire voluit quo* omnes iebant.
*Note Latin has to use the special place to which adverbs (eo/quo) instead of place where (ibi/ubi) since they here denote destinations. Also omnes is plural in Latin, but everyone is singular in English.
Literal: He wanted to go thither* whither* all were going.
*Archaic English place to which adverbs.
Usual English: He wanted to go the same place (that/where*) everyone was going.
*The that or where may be omitted.
Special examples with superlative in relative clause
Note the superlative moves from the main clause in normal English to the relative clause in normal Latin.
Normal English: I saw the biggest man who was there.
Rephrased, Awkward English: I saw him (or "the guy") who was the biggest there.
Normal Latin: Vidi eum qui maximus ibi erat.
Normal English: I gave the sword to the most deserving person whom I knew.
Rephrased, Stilted/Archaic English: I gave the sword to him whom I knew (to be) most worthy.
Normal Latin: Gladium ei quem dignissimum noveram dedi.
Friday, October 22, 2010
Ch. 35
HW: 35A 1-7, 35B 3,4 and for extra credit do the following:
Compose an English sentence with a purpose infinitive and then translate it into Latin using an accusative supine.
This chapter is mostly just review of previous ways to translate an English infinitive "to verb" in different contexts.
New Supines and Result Clause after "too"
The new constructions are the accusative supine (4th pp with -um), which is another way to show purpose in Latin, and the result clause in an expression like "too weak to lift the rock".
The supine is a 4th declension masculine verbal noun (not a participle though it looks like the perfect passive participle) usually made from the fourth principal part stem with a -um accusative ending. Here are some accusative examples: monitum, ductum, captum, pugnatum.
Accusatve Supine Sentences
Venit nos visum. He came to see us.
Caesar milites pabulatum mittit. Caesar is sending soldiers to forage.
*Note that the accusative supine is most commonly used with verbs with meanings like: come, go, leave, and send--the same kinds of verbs that also often use a relative clause of purpose.
"too x to y"
We ran too slowly to escape the enemy.
Change to one of the following constructions before translating into Latin:
Option 1 (from your book):
Rephrased: We ran more slowly than that we might escape the enemy.
*Note that this sounds nonsensical or at least really awkward in English but is good Latin.
Tardius cucurrimus quam ut hostes effugeremus. (result clause after comparative)
Option 2 (my alternative):
Rephrased: We did not run so fast as to escape the enemy.
Non tam celeriter cucurrimus ut hostes effugeremus. (negative main clause)
PURPOSE OPTIONS IN LATIN
Remember Latin never uses a purpose infinitive like English! With the accusative supine we now have all the main ways of showing purpose in Latin.
Purpose Clause (the only one used for negative purpose)
...ut/ne videat. "so that he may (not) see"
Relative Purpose Clause
...qui videat. "so that he may (not) see"
Gerunds/Gerundives with ad
ad videndum "to see", ad nos videndos "to see us"
Gerunds/Gerundives with causa/gratia
videndi causa "for the sake of seeing", videndi Caesaris gratia "for the sake of seeing Caesar"
Dative of Purpose/Predicative Dative (dative usually of a noun with verbal idea, object, if any, will be objective genitive)
auxilio "for help", munificationi castrorum, "for the (purpose of) fortification of the camp"
Accusative of Supine
visum "to see", nos visum "to see us"
Compose an English sentence with a purpose infinitive and then translate it into Latin using an accusative supine.
This chapter is mostly just review of previous ways to translate an English infinitive "to verb" in different contexts.
New Supines and Result Clause after "too"
The new constructions are the accusative supine (4th pp with -um), which is another way to show purpose in Latin, and the result clause in an expression like "too weak to lift the rock".
The supine is a 4th declension masculine verbal noun (not a participle though it looks like the perfect passive participle) usually made from the fourth principal part stem with a -um accusative ending. Here are some accusative examples: monitum, ductum, captum, pugnatum.
Accusatve Supine Sentences
Venit nos visum. He came to see us.
Caesar milites pabulatum mittit. Caesar is sending soldiers to forage.
*Note that the accusative supine is most commonly used with verbs with meanings like: come, go, leave, and send--the same kinds of verbs that also often use a relative clause of purpose.
"too x to y"
We ran too slowly to escape the enemy.
Change to one of the following constructions before translating into Latin:
Option 1 (from your book):
Rephrased: We ran more slowly than that we might escape the enemy.
*Note that this sounds nonsensical or at least really awkward in English but is good Latin.
Tardius cucurrimus quam ut hostes effugeremus. (result clause after comparative)
Option 2 (my alternative):
Rephrased: We did not run so fast as to escape the enemy.
Non tam celeriter cucurrimus ut hostes effugeremus. (negative main clause)
PURPOSE OPTIONS IN LATIN
Remember Latin never uses a purpose infinitive like English! With the accusative supine we now have all the main ways of showing purpose in Latin.
Purpose Clause (the only one used for negative purpose)
...ut/ne videat. "so that he may (not) see"
Relative Purpose Clause
...qui videat. "so that he may (not) see"
Gerunds/Gerundives with ad
ad videndum "to see", ad nos videndos "to see us"
Gerunds/Gerundives with causa/gratia
videndi causa "for the sake of seeing", videndi Caesaris gratia "for the sake of seeing Caesar"
Dative of Purpose/Predicative Dative (dative usually of a noun with verbal idea, object, if any, will be objective genitive)
auxilio "for help", munificationi castrorum, "for the (purpose of) fortification of the camp"
Accusative of Supine
visum "to see", nos visum "to see us"
Friday, October 15, 2010
Ch. 33 & 34
HW: 33A 1,7,11; 33B 1; 34A 1,3,7; 34B 6
GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES
The gerund is a verbal noun made from the neuter singular forms of the gerundive. It has no nominative, and it is never used as a subject, a direct object, or a complement to an intransitive verb that takes an infinitive (like possum or soleo).
Examples: amandi (gen.), amando (dat.), amandum (acc.), amando (abl.)
In English we can sometimes use infinitives (to see) and gerunds (seeing) interchangeably.
To see is to believe./Seeing is believing.
Latin is more particular. Infinitives are reserved for subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and verb complements.
Examples:
To see is to believe.
Videre (subject) est credere (predicate nominative).
He dared to come.
Venire (direct object) audebat.
We are able to leave.
Possumus discedere (verbal complement).
Gerunds may be used as an objective genitive or genitive complement to a noun or adjective. They are often found with a following causa or gratia (for the sake/purpose of) to show purpose.
Examples:
desirous of loving
cupidus amandi
opportunity for leaving
occasio/facultas discedendi
time for coming
tempus veniendi
to help/for the sake of helping
adiuvandi causa/gratia
They may be dative as the dative complement to a verb or other word (some adjectives take dative). These are often akin to a dative of purpose (for/for the purpose of).
Examples:
suitable for fighting
aptus/idoneus pugnando
He is eager to go.
Studet eundo.
In accusative gerunds are typically the object of ad or occasionally in. They usually show purpose and can be used in many of the same ways as ad + accusative gerund.
Examples:
He sent them to help.
Eos ad adiuvandum misit.
The book is suitable for reading.
Liber est idoneus ad legendum.
In ablative, a gerund may be used as an ablative of means/instrument without a preposition or sometimes with in or de + ablative.
Examples:
They destroyed the city by burning (it).
Incendendo urbem deleverunt.
We talked about leaving.
De discedendo loquebamur.
Gerundives are often used in place of gerunds when a gerund would have an accusative direct object, but keep the gerund with verbs that are intransitive or take other cases (e.g. Kevin's "amor pugnandi cum ursis", "love of fighting with bears" because pugno is intrasitive). The gerundive, when used in place of a gerund and direct object, does not show necessity and is usually translated in English by a gerund (verbing) or infinitive (to verb). In Latin the noun and the gerundive go into the same gender, number, and case--the case being subject to the function in the sentence just as with a gerund.
Examples:
He came to see you all.
Ad vos videndos venit.
He fought for the sake of saving his country.
Patriae servandae gratia pugnavit.
The pen/quill is suitable for writing books.
Idonea penna ad libros scribendos (or "libris scribendis") est.
By defeating the enemy we have acquired freedom.
Hostibus vincendis libertate potiti sumus.
Beware that you should not use a gerundive however, if it would agree with a neuter pronoun in the genitive, dative, or ablative case when the gender would be ambguous.
It is suitable for helping those things (things/not people).
Ambiguous, Bad Latin: Idoneum est adiuvandis eis*. *could be masc. or neuter
Good Latin 1: Idoneum est ad ea adiuvanda. {Gerundive avoids ambiguous case.
Good Latin 2: Idoneum est ea adiuvando. {Gerund with accusative pl. neuter object.
The Romans, and especially Caesar, also often avoided the jingling two syllable rhyme of phrases like "eORUM videndORUM causa" and "puellARUM puniendARUM occasio" by substituting a gerund with accusative object, "eos videndi causa" and "puellas puniendi occasio".
Genitives of personal pronouns used with gerundives must be the objective forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri (not nostrum which is for partive genitive), vestri (not vestrum which is for partive genitive).
A noun and gerund may be the object of a verb that means to manage or undertake an action. Curo, curare is the verb most often used this way.
Examples:
I see to it that the fort is built. ...that the fort be built.
Castrum aedificandum curo.
He managed to have the town destroyed. ...that the town be destroyed.
Oppidum delendum curavit.
They will undertake to defeat us. ...that we be defeated.
Suscipient nos vincendos.
GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES
The gerund is a verbal noun made from the neuter singular forms of the gerundive. It has no nominative, and it is never used as a subject, a direct object, or a complement to an intransitive verb that takes an infinitive (like possum or soleo).
Examples: amandi (gen.), amando (dat.), amandum (acc.), amando (abl.)
In English we can sometimes use infinitives (to see) and gerunds (seeing) interchangeably.
To see is to believe./Seeing is believing.
Latin is more particular. Infinitives are reserved for subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and verb complements.
Examples:
To see is to believe.
Videre (subject) est credere (predicate nominative).
He dared to come.
Venire (direct object) audebat.
We are able to leave.
Possumus discedere (verbal complement).
Gerunds may be used as an objective genitive or genitive complement to a noun or adjective. They are often found with a following causa or gratia (for the sake/purpose of) to show purpose.
Examples:
desirous of loving
cupidus amandi
opportunity for leaving
occasio/facultas discedendi
time for coming
tempus veniendi
to help/for the sake of helping
adiuvandi causa/gratia
They may be dative as the dative complement to a verb or other word (some adjectives take dative). These are often akin to a dative of purpose (for/for the purpose of).
Examples:
suitable for fighting
aptus/idoneus pugnando
He is eager to go.
Studet eundo.
In accusative gerunds are typically the object of ad or occasionally in. They usually show purpose and can be used in many of the same ways as ad + accusative gerund.
Examples:
He sent them to help.
Eos ad adiuvandum misit.
The book is suitable for reading.
Liber est idoneus ad legendum.
In ablative, a gerund may be used as an ablative of means/instrument without a preposition or sometimes with in or de + ablative.
Examples:
They destroyed the city by burning (it).
Incendendo urbem deleverunt.
We talked about leaving.
De discedendo loquebamur.
Gerundives are often used in place of gerunds when a gerund would have an accusative direct object, but keep the gerund with verbs that are intransitive or take other cases (e.g. Kevin's "amor pugnandi cum ursis", "love of fighting with bears" because pugno is intrasitive). The gerundive, when used in place of a gerund and direct object, does not show necessity and is usually translated in English by a gerund (verbing) or infinitive (to verb). In Latin the noun and the gerundive go into the same gender, number, and case--the case being subject to the function in the sentence just as with a gerund.
Examples:
He came to see you all.
Ad vos videndos venit.
He fought for the sake of saving his country.
Patriae servandae gratia pugnavit.
The pen/quill is suitable for writing books.
Idonea penna ad libros scribendos (or "libris scribendis") est.
By defeating the enemy we have acquired freedom.
Hostibus vincendis libertate potiti sumus.
Beware that you should not use a gerundive however, if it would agree with a neuter pronoun in the genitive, dative, or ablative case when the gender would be ambguous.
It is suitable for helping those things (things/not people).
Ambiguous, Bad Latin: Idoneum est adiuvandis eis*. *could be masc. or neuter
Good Latin 1: Idoneum est ad ea adiuvanda. {Gerundive avoids ambiguous case.
Good Latin 2: Idoneum est ea adiuvando. {Gerund with accusative pl. neuter object.
The Romans, and especially Caesar, also often avoided the jingling two syllable rhyme of phrases like "eORUM videndORUM causa" and "puellARUM puniendARUM occasio" by substituting a gerund with accusative object, "eos videndi causa" and "puellas puniendi occasio".
Genitives of personal pronouns used with gerundives must be the objective forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri (not nostrum which is for partive genitive), vestri (not vestrum which is for partive genitive).
A noun and gerund may be the object of a verb that means to manage or undertake an action. Curo, curare is the verb most often used this way.
Examples:
I see to it that the fort is built. ...that the fort be built.
Castrum aedificandum curo.
He managed to have the town destroyed. ...that the town be destroyed.
Oppidum delendum curavit.
They will undertake to defeat us. ...that we be defeated.
Suscipient nos vincendos.
Wednesday, October 13, 2010
Ch. 31 & 32
HW 31-2
HW: 31A 1,3,9; 31B 1; 32A 1,2,8, 32B 2
Obligation and Gerundives
Gerundives are the same thing as the future passive participle, which means that they are verbal adjectives. They agree with nouns/pronouns that they modify in gender number and case.
To form the gerundive for 1st, 2nd, or 3rd conjugation,
1) Take the -re off the 2nd principal part to get the present stem.
2) Add -ndus.
3) The -us ending will decline like bonus -a -um.
To form the gerundive for 3rd io and 4th conjugation,
1) Take the -ere or -ire off the 2nd principal part.
2) Add -iendus.
3) The -us ending will decline like bonus -a -um.
The most literal translation is "to-be-verbed" in the sense of "going-to-be". Compare these English examples.
He is a man to be watched.
i.e He is a guy who should/must be watched.
That was a dinner not to be missed.
i.e. That dinner was one which should/ought not to have been missed.
Passive Periprhastic
A common use of the gerundive is with a form of the being verb. This almost always shows necessity or obligation. If an agent is wanted for the passive verb, you should use a dative of interest, often here called dative of agent.
Examples:
Spectandus est/erat/erit. He must be watched. ...had to be watched. ...will have to be watched.
Epistula scribenda mihi (dat. of agent) erat. The letter had to be written by me.
Dixit eos nobis (dat. of agent) vincendos esse. He said that they had to be conquered by us.
If two datives of people would be found in the passive periphrastic clause, the agent may be expressed with a/ab + ablative as it usually is with other passive verbs.
Good English: Caesar has to be believed by the soldiers.
A militibus Caesari* credendum est.
*Note Caesar is dative even though it is the subject in English because credo is an intransitive dative verb in the impersonal passive (ch. 26). Militibus would usually be dative of agent with no preposition, but here Latin allows a/ab + ablative to avoid ambiguity.
The Literal translation of the above is: It has to be believed in Caesar by the soldiers.
When a gerundive is not used in a passive periphrastic it may often be translated "to-be-verbed".
I gave him a book to-be-read. i.e., ...which he was supposed to read.
Librum legendum ei dedi.
PRICE AND VALUE
Genitive of indefinite value (probably locative in origin) is used with inexact terms listed in section 322.
In addition to facio and aestimo, any other Latin verb that means think or consider may take such a genitive. Habeo (in the meaning "hold in mind"/"consider") is a common alternative.
Habeo nihili eum.
Literal, Bad English Translation: I consider him of nothing.
Good English: I consider him worth nothing.
Aestimaverunt magni me.
Literal, Bad English Translation: They considered/valued me of great.
Good English: They valued me highly. / They considered me to be worth a lot.
Ablative of price (subcategory of means) is used to express exact prices and occasionally also indefinite prices. Note we often say "for (an amount of money)" in English, but Latin uses ablative, not dative.
I will buy the book for 5 denarii (silver coins).
Emam librum V denariis.
He sold his sword for 4 aurei (gold coins).
Gladium IV aureis vendidit.
The house costs a lot.
Domus magno constat/stat.
They were sold as slaves for 100,000 sesterces each.
Illi venebant (or "venierunt") C milibus (sestertiis*) servi.
*A sesterce (In English pronounced sehs-tersh, Latin sestertius, -i m.) was a large bronze or small silver coin which was the usual unit used in pricing, so when no monetary designation is given it is assumed to be in sesterces. Furthermore, in real written Latin large values might be given by writing a line over the Roman numeral to indicate the number times one-thousand. Thus CCV with a line above means 205,000. A line above and on both sides would mean the number times 100,000. Thus XIV with a line above and on each side means 1,400,000.
SESTERTIUS (2 and 1/2 asses originally, then 4)
DENARIUS (originally 10 asses, then 16)
AUREUS
It cost two bucks(sesterces).
Constitit duobus.
Note the special adverbs in section 325 which refer to price but are in the genitive case instead of the normal ablative.
Examples:
He bought it for so much.
Id tanti emit.
How much did you sell the horse for?
Quanti equum vendidisti?
In section 326, it misleadingly implies that consto (and sto) takes the dative for price. This verb does take a dative of interest for people sometimes but when it refers to costs it will generally take an ablative of price.
Liber mihi(dat. of interest) tribus denariis(abl. of price) constat. The book costs me 3 denarii.
HW: 31A 1,3,9; 31B 1; 32A 1,2,8, 32B 2
Obligation and Gerundives
Gerundives are the same thing as the future passive participle, which means that they are verbal adjectives. They agree with nouns/pronouns that they modify in gender number and case.
To form the gerundive for 1st, 2nd, or 3rd conjugation,
1) Take the -re off the 2nd principal part to get the present stem.
2) Add -ndus.
3) The -us ending will decline like bonus -a -um.
To form the gerundive for 3rd io and 4th conjugation,
1) Take the -ere or -ire off the 2nd principal part.
2) Add -iendus.
3) The -us ending will decline like bonus -a -um.
The most literal translation is "to-be-verbed" in the sense of "going-to-be". Compare these English examples.
He is a man to be watched.
i.e He is a guy who should/must be watched.
That was a dinner not to be missed.
i.e. That dinner was one which should/ought not to have been missed.
Passive Periprhastic
A common use of the gerundive is with a form of the being verb. This almost always shows necessity or obligation. If an agent is wanted for the passive verb, you should use a dative of interest, often here called dative of agent.
Examples:
Spectandus est/erat/erit. He must be watched. ...had to be watched. ...will have to be watched.
Epistula scribenda mihi (dat. of agent) erat. The letter had to be written by me.
Dixit eos nobis (dat. of agent) vincendos esse. He said that they had to be conquered by us.
If two datives of people would be found in the passive periphrastic clause, the agent may be expressed with a/ab + ablative as it usually is with other passive verbs.
Good English: Caesar has to be believed by the soldiers.
A militibus Caesari* credendum est.
*Note Caesar is dative even though it is the subject in English because credo is an intransitive dative verb in the impersonal passive (ch. 26). Militibus would usually be dative of agent with no preposition, but here Latin allows a/ab + ablative to avoid ambiguity.
The Literal translation of the above is: It has to be believed in Caesar by the soldiers.
When a gerundive is not used in a passive periphrastic it may often be translated "to-be-verbed".
I gave him a book to-be-read. i.e., ...which he was supposed to read.
Librum legendum ei dedi.
PRICE AND VALUE
Genitive of indefinite value (probably locative in origin) is used with inexact terms listed in section 322.
In addition to facio and aestimo, any other Latin verb that means think or consider may take such a genitive. Habeo (in the meaning "hold in mind"/"consider") is a common alternative.
Habeo nihili eum.
Literal, Bad English Translation: I consider him of nothing.
Good English: I consider him worth nothing.
Aestimaverunt magni me.
Literal, Bad English Translation: They considered/valued me of great.
Good English: They valued me highly. / They considered me to be worth a lot.
Ablative of price (subcategory of means) is used to express exact prices and occasionally also indefinite prices. Note we often say "for (an amount of money)" in English, but Latin uses ablative, not dative.
I will buy the book for 5 denarii (silver coins).
Emam librum V denariis.
He sold his sword for 4 aurei (gold coins).
Gladium IV aureis vendidit.
The house costs a lot.
Domus magno constat/stat.
They were sold as slaves for 100,000 sesterces each.
Illi venebant (or "venierunt") C milibus (sestertiis*) servi.
*A sesterce (In English pronounced sehs-tersh, Latin sestertius, -i m.) was a large bronze or small silver coin which was the usual unit used in pricing, so when no monetary designation is given it is assumed to be in sesterces. Furthermore, in real written Latin large values might be given by writing a line over the Roman numeral to indicate the number times one-thousand. Thus CCV with a line above means 205,000. A line above and on both sides would mean the number times 100,000. Thus XIV with a line above and on each side means 1,400,000.
SESTERTIUS (2 and 1/2 asses originally, then 4)
DENARIUS (originally 10 asses, then 16)
AUREUS
It cost two bucks(sesterces).
Constitit duobus.
Note the special adverbs in section 325 which refer to price but are in the genitive case instead of the normal ablative.
Examples:
He bought it for so much.
Id tanti emit.
How much did you sell the horse for?
Quanti equum vendidisti?
In section 326, it misleadingly implies that consto (and sto) takes the dative for price. This verb does take a dative of interest for people sometimes but when it refers to costs it will generally take an ablative of price.
Liber mihi(dat. of interest) tribus denariis(abl. of price) constat. The book costs me 3 denarii.
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