Ch. 52-3

HW: 52A 2,5,6,7; 53A 1,5,6,9

SOME, ANY, EACH/EVERY

In order to master the use of indefinite pronouns and indefinite adverbs you need to understand the different categories and the root words from which they are constructed. Indefinites are usually constructed from interrogative or relative forms.

Here are some interrogative/relative bases with their indefinite versions:

quis who} aliquis someone, quisque everyone/each, quisquam anyone

quid what} aliquid something, quidque/quicque everything/each, quidquam/quicquam anything

qui,quae,quod who/what/which} aliqui some, quique every/each

quantus how/as much} aliquantus somewhat/some amount

ubi* where/when} aliubi somewhere, ubique everywhere, ubiquam wherever

ut* how/as} aliut somehow, utique anyhow, utiquam in every way

*ut and ubi used to be cut(i)/quot(i), and cubi/quobi from the same stem as qui,quae,quod

quando when} aliquando sometime, quandoque whenever

quamdiu how/as long} aliquamdiu for some time, quamquamdiu for however long

quotiens how/as often} aliquotiens some/several times

Many other examples could be given. You should consult the chart in your Allen and Greenough Grammar Book section 217 which lists many different kinds of adverbs. I will also give you another similar chart in class. You must understand the logical relationship among these words if you want to use them correctly.

PREFIXES/SUFFIXES

ali- This prefix will be translated either as "some" or "any".
-dam This suffix will be translated as "some" or "certain". -dam is more specific than ali-.
-quam This suffix will typically mean "some" or "any" but will be used in negative clauses or when there is suggestion of doubt/uncertainty.
-vis This suffix literally means "you want" and should usually be translated "any" or "any -soever"
-que This suffix will be translated as "each" or more rarely "every"
-cumque This suffix will be translated as "-ever" or "-soever"

*Don't forget after si, nisi, num, and ne you should use quis, quid for anyone, anything.*

You may also double relative and interrogative words to make an indefinite:
cui = to whom, cuicui = to whomever
quem = whom, quemquem = whomever
quae = which, quaequae = whichever
quo = (to) where, quoquo = (to) wherever
ubi = when/where, ubiubi = whenever/wherever

ullus, ulla, ullum = any
nullus, nulla, nullum = no, none
nonnullus = not no one, nonnulli = not no people (some people)
complures, complura = several

IDIOMS

alius...alius
The first alius is "one" or "some", the second is "another" or "others."

Examples:
Alia femina venit, alia non.
One woman is coming, the other is not.
Alios vicit, alios fugavit.
He conquered some, he put the others to flight.

nescio quis (nescioquis), nescio quid (nescioquid)
Nescio means "I don't know", so literally nescioquid means "I don't know what" but it should be translated "something". Nescio may similarly be combined with other Latin words to make indefinite forms. Some Latin texts write nescio together with the following word, others don't.

Examples:
Nescioquis hoc fecit. Someone did this. (I'm not quite sure who, but someone did.)
Nescio cui nocuit. He harmed someone. (I do not know who it was though.)
Nescioquo iit. He has gone somewhere. (Don't ask me where I don't know.)

IDIOMATIC USAGE WITH EVERY (quisque)

In Latin the words for each (quisque,uterque) and every (quisque) are often used in idiomatic contexts with numbers, superlatives and reflexives.

Superlatives (note adjective comes first):
Fortissimus quisque = "every bravest man," which means "all the bravest men"

Ordinal numbers (number comes first):
Septimus quisque = "every seventh person," which means "one in seven"

Reflexives referring to quisque/uterque are usually placed directly before:
Se quisque adiuvat. Each/every man helps himself.
Sua cuique... To each his own...

NO RECIPROCAL PRONOUN

Latin has no reciprocal pronoun ("each other" or "one another" in English), so they have to use inter + reflexive pronoun.

Examples:
They helped each other.
Rephrased: They helped among/between themselves.
Inter se adiuverunt.

We spoke to one another.
Rephrased: We spoke among/between ourselves.
Inter nos locuti sumus.

INDEFINITE RELATIVE CLAUSES (-ever, -soever)

Often these clauses will begin with a -cumque form or a doubled form like quemquem, quisquis, or quoquo, but regular relatives are also ok. Even though these are generalizing, they will use indicative verbs. Compare the cum clause "whenever" with an indicative verb (s. 464). If possible, follow the tense suggestions given in the cum clause section for "whenever".

Examples:
Whenever (as oftens as) he came, we went to the shop.
Quotiens venerat (plup.), ad tabernam iimus.
Wherever you go (or "have gone"), there I will be too.
Quoquo ieris (fut. perf.), ibi quoque adero.
Whatever you do, I am your friend.
Quidquid fecisti(perf.), sum amicus tuus.

SI + INDEFINITE PRONOUN/ADVERB = INDEFINITE RELATIVE

Finally, as they say in 535 si + an interrogative may be translated as an indefinite relative.

Examples:
si quid scis, narra mihi.
If you know anything, tell me.
Rephrased as relative: Tell me whatever you know.

Si quo ibis, te sequar.
If you go anywhere, I will follow.
Rephrased as relative: I will follow wherever you go.