ch. 49-50

HW: 49A 1,2,3,10; 50A 1,4,5,7 and the following:
Compose an English sentence with “without” and translate into Latin without using sine.


QUIN

In section 491, the book confuses things a bit. Both here and in section 288 quin is actually a relative adverb. In origin quin is "qui" is an old ablative form of the interrogative and relative pronoun quis, quid or qui, quae, quod. This ablative has had the ne particle added to the end of it (and the final e as often has dropped off). Occasionally one will see it still introducing a question and meaning something like: "How is...not...?"

Example:
Quin defessus es?
How is it that you are not tired? or Why are you not tired?

QUIN WITH EXPRESSION OF DOUBT

After expressions of doubt a quin clause with a subjunctive verb following sequence of tenses is desired. However, note that dubito + quin (+subj.) means "I doubt that..." but dubito + inf. means "I hesitate to..."

Dubium erat quin veniret.
It was doubtful that he was coming.
Literally: It was doubtful whether he was not coming.

Non dubitaveram quin auxilio futurus esses.
I had not doubted that you would be helpful.
Literally: I had not doubted whether you were not going to be helpful.


QUIN WITH CONSECUTIVE/RESULT CLAUSES AFTER NEGATIVE MAIN CLAUSE

These kinds of clauses are often equivalent to a participle/gerund phrase beginning with "without" in English.

Examples:
I never went to town without buying food.
Rephrased in awkward English, but closer to Latin: I never went to town how (or "in a way") that I would not buy food.
Numquam ibam ad oppidum quin cibum emerem.

He will go nowhere without bad things happening.
Rephrased closer to Latin: He will go nowhere how (or "in a way") that bad things will not happen.
Nusquam ibit quin mala fiant.

Let no Elvis fan die without once seeing Graceland.
Rephrased closer to Latin: Let no fan/supporter of Elvis die how that he should not see Graceland, at least one time.
Ne fautor Elvis (3rd decl. gen.) moriatur quin Terram Gratiae videat, semel saltem.

I did not let a day pass without helping someone.
Rephrased: I let no day pass how that I would not be (for a ) help (to) someone.
Nullum diem omissi quin alicui (or "cui") auxilio essem.

QUIN RESULT AFTER NEGATIVE POSSUM IN MAIN CLAUSE

Examples:
I cannot help trying.
Rephrased closer to Latin: I cannot do (otherwise than) how that I should not try.
Non possum facere quin coner.

It cannot be that you are not bad. = You must be bad.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It cannot happen how that you should not be bad.
Non potest fieri quin malus sis.


WITHOUT, INSTEAD OF, SO FAR FROM

WITHOUT

See previous chapter notes for quin + subj. for "without...verbing".

Do NOT use the preposition sine with a Latin gerund.

The negative ablative absolute is often a good choice to translate an English without-phrase; see the examples in section 501. Here are a couple more:

Without capturing a bull
Rephrased: no bull having been captured
Nullo tauro capto

Without the arrival of reinforcements
Rephrased: No new troops arriving
Nullis novis copiis avenientibus


INSTEAD OF

Basically they are telling you to use cum concessive/circumstantial which uses a subjunctive verb. Though pro can mean "instead of" the Latin preposition will NEVER take a gerund as its object. Thus we have to change the English phrase into a full clause.

Examples:
The men instead of obeying fled the battle.
Rephrased: The men, whereas/when/although the should have/ought to have obeyed, fled from the battle.
Viri, cum obsequi deberent, e proelio fugerunt.

Instead of trying to help, they are abandoning us.
Rephrased: When/Although/Whereas they could have helped, they are abandoning us.
Cum adiuvare potuerint, nos relinquunt.


SO FAR FROM

This is an archaic (or British) expression for the most part, so it may not be familiar to you. It shows a strong statement of an opposite result.

Example:
So far from leaving, they stayed for years.

In modern American English we would usually expand this to:
They were so far from leaving that they stayed for years.

In such a sentence, notice that the emphasis is on the second clause which is often surprising or contrary to expectation.

Your book suggests three options:

1)not only...but even
non modo.. sed (etiam)

Not only were they not leaving, but they even/actually stayed for many years.
Non modo non relinquebant, sed (etiam/revera) multos annos manserunt.

2) (1st clause) is so far from (reality) that ...
Tantum abest ut (1st subj. clause) ut (2nd emphatic subj. clause).

That they should leave was so far from (reality) that they remained for many years.
Tantum afuit ut discederent ut multos annos manerent/manserint.

3) So much (main clause) that...
Adeo/tam (indicative main clause) ut (emphatic subjunctive clause)

They were so not leaving that they stayed for many years.
Adeo/tam non discedebant ut multos annos manserint/manerent.

Here's another example like in Section 505 to show how to do this with a not...even (ne...quidem). Remember ne..quidem surround only one emphatic word in Latin

So far from helping us, they did not even come.
Rephrased: Not only did they not help us, but they did not even come.
Non modo nos adiuverunt, sed ne venerunt quidem.