Ch. 19 & 20

HW 19A 1,2,4,9; 19B 2; 20A 1,3,4; 20B 3 (Nine sentences)

EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE

Adverbs of place are easy to use (section 193), but be aware that Latin is typically far more specific than English. They do not use adverbs of place where to show place to which. For example, we say "He came here." and "Where are you going?" but Latin must use huc and quo, not hic and ubi (section 194). I would suggest that you copy the chart in section 193 a couple of times to get used to the relationship between the various adverbs by row and by column.

Usually place where (or "at which") has a preposition such as in or sub + the ablative and place to which (motion towards) has a preposition such as in, ad, or trans + the accusative and place from which has a preposition such as e/ex, a/ab, or de + ablative.

However, if the object of the preposition would be a city or small island (that would be viewed as one city-state), then you have accusative without preposition for place to which (Romam = to Rome), ablative without preposition for place from which (Roma = from Rome), and locative case (Romae = at Rome, ruri = in the country; see section 192) for place at which or where.

Also you don't need a preposition with the ablative of via when it indicates traveling on the road--it is viewed as ablative of means. You don't need a prepositon in the phrase terra marique (on land and sea, or by land and sea).

Latin will often use e/ex or a/ab where English would have a place where expression.
Examples:
I saw the soldiers on the left side of the battleline.
Milites a latere aciei sinistro vidi.
He walked in front, she (walked) in back.
Ille a fronte, a tergo illa ambulabat.
On one side of the field, he sat.
Ex una parte agri sedebat.

Accusative of extent of space (same construction as accusative of duration of time) is used to show distance.
Examples:
The forest is two-hundred paces (away) from the river.
Silva ducentos (or Roman numeral "CC") passus a flumine abest.
How many miles did you run?
Quot milia* passuum cucurristi?
*Note mille (two l's) is neuter singular and milia (one l) is neuter plural of the word for "thousand". Mille passuum = "a thousand paces", Milia passuum = "thousands of paces"

Whenever you talk about dimensions using adjectives like longus ("long"), latus ("wide"), altus ("tall" or "deep"), you use the accusative of extent of space.
For numbers see section 133 of your grammar book.
Examples:
The house is 30 feet long, 40 feet wide and 15 feet high.
Domus triginta (or Roman numeral "XXX") pedes longa, quadraginta (or Roman numeral "XL") pedes lata, quindecim (or Roman numeral "XV") pedes alta est.
The sword was thirty-two inches long.
Gladius triginta duas (or Roman numeral "XXXII") uncias longus erat.


QUESTIONS with num + indefinite or utrum...an

After si, nisi, num, and ne all the ali's fall away!

The word aliquis, aliquid is a common indefinite pronoun meaning: someone, something, anyone, or anything, but after the above words you use quis, quid (normally the interrogative pronoun).

Use num + quis, quis or + qui, qua, quod (the indefinite adjective, declined like qui, quae, quod except feminine nom. singular and neuter nom. and acc. pl. both "qua") to express somewhat dubious questions.
See 332-335 in your grammar book for questions.
Is there anybody coming? (expecting that there may not be)
Num quis venit?

However, as we have already seen num loses its force of expecting a negative when in an indirect or reported question. Instead, it means "whether" or "if".
Example:
He will ask if any of you (girls) are leaving.
Rogabit num qua vostrum discedat.

We have already seen uter, utra, utrum the interrogative adjective meaning "which (of two)". The neuter singular form of this, utrum, is used to introduce the first part of a two part question. Latin does this even in a direct question where English has no corresponding question word. The second part of the question is introduced by the Latin word an (not the normal "aut") and negatives are an non (in direct questions) and necne (more common in indirect).
Examples:
Are you winning or not?
Utrum vincis an non?
He wants to know if they are advancing or staying there.
Scire vult utrum procedant an ibi maneant.


When translating whether, as your book says, use num if it is a one part question, use utrum to introduce the first clause of a two part question, and put the important parts of each clause near the utrum and an (or "an non" or "necne").
He had asked whether they are sailing.
Rogaverat num navigarent.
I wonder whether he is fighting with a sword or if he is using a spear.
Miror utrum gladio pugnet an hasta utatur.

nescio + quis/quid and nescio (or "haud scio") + indirect question actually indicate a mild positive. With quis and quid it is often written as one word.
Examples:
Nescioquid vidi.
I saw something. (Literally: I saw I do not know what.)
Nescio an victurus sis.
I'd like to think you will win. / Perhaps you'll win. (Literally: I do not know whether you will win. {The Latin implies the speaker expects the positive outcome.)

Ch. 17-18

HW: 17A 1,4,7,12; 17B 3; 18A 7,11,14; 18B 11 (Due Wednesday, so you can wait till after test)


Translation of Abstract Nouns

The point of this chapter is to get you to think about different ways to express abstract ideas in Latin since Latin uses abstract nouns far less than English. You will not always know when Latin can use an abstract noun (i.e. truth, cause, position, quality), but you can follow the examples in your book as models. When in doubt about whether Latin would permit an abstract noun, change it into some other kind of expression.

Below I give examples of an original English sentence with one or more abstract nouns. Then I change it into an English sentence without abstract nouns, and finally I translate that into Latin. This is what you should do. Note that your book has many more good examples for each of the following points, but it does not always show the intermediate step (revised English).

Here are several ways of translating an English abstract noun:

1) Use an indirect question.

He knows the reason.
change to} He knows why it's happening.
Scit quare fiat.
I understand his intentions.
change to} I understand what he is going to do.
Intellego quae facturus sit.

2) Use a Latin verb that includes the idea of the noun.

They had hope in victory.
change to} They hoped that they would win.
Sperabant se victuros esse.
They received justice at the hands of the jury.
change to} They were treated justly by the jurors.
Ab iudicibus aeque tractati sunt.

3) Use a Latin verb that includes the idea of the noun and then add a neuter pronoun or adjective as its object.

He had the same opinion.
change to} He thought the same thing.
Idem putabat.
We had the same idea.
change to} We too thought that. Id etiam putavimus.

4) Use an infinitive (if noun is nom./acc.) or gerund/gerundive (if noun is not nom.). Indirect statements may be useful.

He hated life.
change to}
He hated that he was alive.
(Is) vivere se oderat.
She hoped for mercy.
change to} She hoped that she would be spared. (..it would be spared to her)
(Ea) sibi parcendum esse sperabat.
I appreciated their enthusiasm.
change to} I gladly recognized that they they were rejoicing.
Libenter intellexi eos gaudere.
You talked about the destruction of the city.
change to} You talked about the city being destroyed.
De urbe delenda loquebaris.

5) Use a relative clause.

He knew the outcome.
change to} He knew everything that/which had happened.
Omnia quae facta essent noverat.
What is his business?
change to} What is it that/which he does?
Quid est quod facit?

6) Use a participle phrase.

With Caesar's help, Pompey will win.
change to} Caesar helping, Pompey will win.
Caesare adiuvante (ablative absolute), Pompeius vincet.
Under Numa's rule, Rome grew more civilized.
change to} Numa (being) king, Rome became more civilized.
Numa rege (ablative absolute), Roma humanior facta est.


7) Before and after. Latin will avoid using abstract nouns as the object of post and ante. Use participles with concrete nouns as the object or change to a temporal clause or ablative abslolute.

Before the destruction of the city, I left.
change to} Before the city having been destroyed, I left.
Ante urbem deletam discessi.
or change to} The city not yet having been destroyed, I left.
Urbe nondum deleta, discessi. (ablative absolute)
or change to} Before the city was destroyed, I left.
Antequam urbs deleta est, discessi. (temporal clause)
After the allies' arrival at the camp, I was happy.
change to} After the allies having entered the camp, I was happy.
Post socios in castra ingressos laetus eram.

8) Avoid abstract subjects and predicate nominatives in any possible way: with adjectives, with ablative absolute, with participles, with infinitives, and with clauses.

The death of the king made us all sad.
change to} The king being dead, we all became sad.
Rege mortuo, maesti omnes facti sumus. (ablative absolute)
The love of a good woman is every Roman man's desire.
change to} Every Roman man wants to be loved by a good woman.
Romanus quisque a bona amari vult. (infinitive and main verb)
Patience is a virtue.
change to} It is honorable to suffer.
honestum est pati.


Ablative uses

This covers many regular uses of the ablative case.

ablative of agent (with a passive verb)-- a/ab +abl.

He was killed by me. A me interfectus est.

ablative of means/instrument-- no preposition in Latin, just ablative

He is fighting with a sword. Gladio pugnat.
NOTE: Do not write "Cum gladio pugnat." This actually means that he and the sword are fighting each other!

ablative of manner-- usually with preposition cum, then ablative

The cum is not necessary if the ablative noun has an adjective with it.
This tells how or in what manner something is done.
He spoke with wisdom (wisely). Cum sapientia dixit.

ablative of accompaniment (not in your book, but very common)-- cum + ablative

This tells with whom someone does something.
I am walking to the city with my sisters. Cum sororibus ad urbem ambulo.

ablative of respect-- no preposition in Latin, just ablative

This tells in what way or what respect something is true.
He surpasses us in (with respect to) courage. Virtute nos superat.
He is great only in fame, not in virtue. Magnus tantum fama, non virtute est.

ablative of comparison-- no preposition, used with comparative adverbs and adjectives

You are more intelligent than all the rest. Omnibus reliquis es intellegentior.

ablative of degree/measure of difference-- no preposition, used with comparatives

The ablative of degree/measure will be a word of quantity in the ablative: multo, nihilo, paulo, tribus pedibus (three feet as measurement)
She is taller by four inches. Ea altior quattuor unciis erat.
He is much shorter. Is multo brevior erat.

ablative of time when-- no preposition, just ablative

At the fifth hour we started out. Quinta hora, profecti sumus.

ablative of time within which-- no preposition, just ablative

Within three days he will come. Tribus diebus, veniet.


Ablative as object of any of these deponent ablative verbs: utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor (all of these are 3rd conjugation except potior which is 4th).
I am enjoying the book. Libro fruor.

Ablative as the complement for any of these (and other) adjectives which take an ablative: dignus, fretus, contentus, indignus, pareditus.

NOTE: Sometimes this case makes sense to us, but not always.
We say "content with that" and "with that" sounds ablative, but we say "worthy of better" which sounds like "of better" would be genitive but Latin uses ablative.

She is unworthy of such (such great) pain. Indigna est tanto dolore.
They are relying on you. Ei te freti sunt.

Ch. 15 & 16 Time expressions and indirect questions

HW: 15A 1,2,6,7; 16A 1,2,4,5 &
Compose an original sentence with an indirect (reported) question and either an ablative of time within which or an accusative of duration of time; as always, include the Latin and your English version of the sentence.

TIME EXPRESSIONS

For ch. 15, read it very carefully. It is straightforward, nothing difficult to to understand if you follow the examples and explanations. Use the cases, prepositions, and word order noted in the examples, and you'll be fine. For example, ablative shows time at which and time within which; accusative shows extent/duration of time.

REPORTED QUESTIONS

For 16, we are doing indirect (reported) questions. In English these have regular verbs, but in Latin the verbs are subjunctive (just like in indirect commands).

Review the question words from ch. 1, but note that num with an indirect/reported question does NOT expect a no answer, and it means "if" or "whether".

Notes on word usage:

The particle -ne becomes num in indirect question.
The wordsd cur and quomodo are usually replaced by quare, quam ob rem, or quem ad modum.
The reflexive pronoun (sui, sibi, se, se) refers back to the main clause speaker as with all indirect speech (i.e. indirect commands and indirect statements).
Since Latin has no future subjunctive, futures must be represented by the future active participle (e.g. futurus) + sim or essem in indirect questions.


Here are some examples to show how the Latin subjunctives follow the sequence of tenses.

"Venitne?" Is he coming? {Direct or quoted question

Rogabimus num veniat. We will ask whether he is coming. {Pres. subj. = SAME time as primary sequence main verb (rogabimus)

Rogaverunt num veniret. They asked if he was coming. {Impf. subj. = SAME time as secondary sequence main verb (rogaverunt)

"Quis morietur?" Who will die? {Direct

Scis quis moriturus sit. You know who will die. {Fut. act. part. + pres. subj. of sum shows LATER time than primary main verb (scis)

Didiceratne quis moriturus esset? Had he learned who would die? {Fut. act. part. + impf. subj. of sum shows LATER time than secondary main verb (didicerat)

"Quo iistis?" Where did you (pl.) go? {Direct

Incertum est quo ieritis. It is unclear where you went. {Perf. subj. - EARLIER time than primary main verb (est)

Mirati sumus quo iissetis. We wondered where you had gone. {Pluperf. subj. - EARLIER time than secondary main verb (mirati sumus)

Chapter 14 Special Reported/Indirect Statements and Passives

HW ch. 14
14A 2,3,4,6,8,9 14B 3,4
Only eight sentences total because some are long.

Note: Use nego, negare for "say that...not", not dico and non.

When English says things like the following examples, in Latin the infinitives should be future, and you must state the accusative subject of the infinitive even when it is the same as the main verb's subject.

I hope to come. (I hope that I will come.) Spero me venturum esse.
You promised to leave. (You promised that you would leave.) Pollicitus es te discessurum esse.

In expressions like it is agreed (constat) or it is necessary (necesse est) the infinitive of the indirect/reported statement is technically the subject of the sentence.
Constat eum esse optimum. It is agreed that he is the best.
esse is the subject of constat--called a subject or subjective infinitive.

Although your book overestimates the need to avoid expressions like "it is said" in Latin, it is right to suggest that normal Latin often says things like the following:

Ei dicebantur esse fortes. They were said to be brave.
(instead of "It was said that they were brave.")
Credimur vincere. We are believed/thought to be winning.
(instead of "It is believed that we are winning.")

In your HW, you should thus use the appropriate personal passives instead of impersonal "it" forms like dicitur, creditur, etc.

However, note that those forms can still be used personally:
Personal passive: Marcus* creditur esse bonus.
Marcus is believed to be good.
*Marcus is the subject of creditur.
Impersonal passive (avoid this): Creditur Marcum* esse bonum. {NOT DESIRABLE LATIN
It is believed that Marcus is good.
*Marcum is the accusative subject of esse.

Your book is also right to note that the impersonal passives are the normal way to express these kinds of sentences with the two word passive forms:

Correct: Nuntiatum est nos vincere. It was announced that we were winning.
Incorrect: Nuntiati sumus vincere. {BAD LATIN
Correct: Creditum erat eum venturum esse. It had been thought that he would come.
Incorrect: Creditus erat venturus esse. {VERY BAD LATIN

Exception, you may use videor (seem) in the personal passive even for two word passives.

Visi sumus vincere. We seemed to be winning.
Visi erant evanescere. They had seemed to vanish.

Ch. 11 & 13 (skip 12)

As always read the chapter intro and footnotes carefully.

HW: 11A 1,2,6 11B 8; 13A 1,5,10 13B 4

Adverbial clauses of result

The main clause will almost always have a sign-post word to warn you that a result clause is coming. Here are some of the common sign-post words: tam, sic, adeo, ita, tot, tantus, talis (see section 113).

The result clause itself will always begin with ut, never ne, if negative it will have non or another negative word inside the result clause.

The verb of the result clause is always subjunctive and unlike most clauses with subjunctive will not necessarily follow the sequence of tenses. As your book suggests, the English tense will be a good guide for what Latin tense of the subjunctive to use.

Finally do not confuse purpose clauses which answer the questions "why?" or "for what purpose?" with result clauses that answers the question "with what result?"

Examples:
I ran quickly so that I might win.
Cucurri celeriter ut vincerem.
Answers "why did I run", so this is a purpose clause.

I ran so quickly that I won.
Cucurri tam celeriter ut vincerem (or "vicerim").
Answers "with what result did I run so quickly?", so it is a result clause.
Notice the tam warns you a result clause is coming.
Also notice you may use the perfect subjunctive (vicerim) to emphasize a definite past event.

He was such a man that we were all going to follow him.
Erat talis (vir) ut omnes eum secuturi essemus.
Notice the sign-post talis.
Notice that, since a result clause does not notionally follow the thought of the main subject (see section 114), we use eum here instead of se, even though eum refers to the same "he" as the subject of erat.

Is he fighting so well that he is winning?
Pugnatne sic bene ut vincat?


Negatives

Read your intro and notes well.

Neuter (neither) like uter (which of two) and uterque (each) modifies a noun; it does not take a partitive genitive in Latin.

Neutra femina = "neither woman (out of two)"
NOT neutra feminarum "neither of the women"


ne ... quidem emphasizes a negative for whatever word goes in between. Watch your word order.

Ne ego quidem id facere poteram. Not even I was able to do it.
Domus dura ne flammis quidem deleta est. The tough house was not destroyed, not even by flames.

and not any...
Any time you see any/anybody/anyone/anything after a negative word, you should use a form of quisquam, quidquam (which declines like quis, quid with an extra quam on the end) or a form of ullus, ulla, ullum (which is an unus nauta adjective, so it uses 1st and 2nd declension endings except for a genitive s. -ius and dative s. -i).

I saw him and not anyone else.
Eum vidi neque quemquam (ullum) alium.

Mark is leaving nor is anyone staying.
Marcus discedit neque quisquam (ullus) manet.

Since et (and) is not typically used before a negative (other than non) in Latin, expressions like "and nobody". "and nothing", "and no", "and nowhere" must be replaced with neque + a positive alternative.
In the following examples the first option of et + negative should NOT be used. Use neque + positive expression instead:

et nemo } neque quisquam (ullus)
et nihil } neque quidquam
et nullus } neque ullus
et numquam } neque umquam
et nusquam } neque usquam
et neuter } neque uterque


Double negatives

Watch out!
When non appears before another negative, most commonly with nullus, it indicates a somewhat positive assertion as in the following examples:

non nullos vidi. I saw some/several men. (literally "not none")
Non numquam tales existant. Such men exist somewhere. (literally "not nowhere")

When non appears after another negative, it indicates a very strong affirmative as in these examples:

Nihil non dixit. He said everything. / He left nothing unsaid.
(literally like the archaic English "Nothing did he not say.", but think of it like the more modern English "There was nothing that he did not say.")

Nemo in urbem non venit. Everyone is coming to (or "into") the city.
(literally "No one is not coming to the city."/"There is no one who is not coming to the city.")

haud
Haud is more emphatic than non. It is usually not used with verbs unless very emphatic like "haud scio" ("I don't know at all"). Only use haud with verbs to translate expressions like "not at all" or "by no means"; use non for a simple not. Haud is common with adjectives and adverbs:

haud magnus by no means big, i.e. quite small
haud celeriter not quickly at all, i.e. very slow

Subject verb agreement in compound negatives

Warning!
You have been taught in English grammar to make verbs plural with an inclusive compound subject:

He and she are going. NOT He and she is going.

This is typically the case in Latin too, BUT occasionally Latin makes a verb agree with the closest subject, and this is usually the case with a compound negative subject. This may not confuse you because we typically do the same with neither..nor in English.

Examples:

Neque vir neque femina venit. Neither the man nor the woman is coming.
Neque puer neque puellae discedunt. Neither the boy nor the girls are leaving.
Neque agricola neque poeta eum scit. Neither the farmer nor the poet knows him.

In the second example the verb is plural (not "is leaving") because the closest subject puellae/girls is plural.

Ch. 9 and 10

HW: 9A 1,2,3,5,6; 10A (part 1) 2,4,7,8 & the following:

Compose your own complex sentence with an indirect/reported command and an adverbial purpose clause (e.g. “I told them that they should leave so that they did not get hurt.”), and then translate it into Latin.



Sequence of Tenses

Tenses (and moods) may be divided into two major categories based on whether they refer to past time or non-past time (present or future). The two categories are called primary sequence (present & future) and secondary or historical sequence (any past tense).

Primary Sequence includes:
present, future, future perfect, and rarely perfect when it refers to a present state due to past action
imperatives and jussive subjunctives are also considered primary sequence

Secondary Sequence includes:
imperfect, pluperfect, and usually perfect when it is used as a regular past tense


How to choose the right subjunctive in a subordinate or dependent clause...

Primary main verb
Subjunctive {Relative time of dependent clause verb
present subjunctive {SAME (or LATER)
perfect subjunctive {EARLIER
sim, sis, sit + fut. part. {LATER

Secondary main verb
Subjunctive {Relative time of dependent clause verb
imperfect subjunctive {SAME (or LATER)
pluperfect subjunctive {EARLIER
essem, esses, esset + fut. part. {LATER

Both Indirect Commands (Reported Commands in your book) and Purpose Clauses (also called final clauses) will usually only use the first option on each of these charts. If the main verb is primary (present/future), then the indirect command or purpose clause uses present subjunctive. If the main verb is secondary (past), then the indirect command or purpose clause uses imperfect subjunctive.

Remember present subjunctive is made by getting present stem, replacing with the correct vowels (Let's beat a giant friar!), and then adding the endings (m,s,t,mus,tis,nt or r,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur)

Remember imperfect subjunctive is made by getting the second principle part (or present active infinitive) and then adding the endings (m,s,t,mus,tis,nt or r,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur).

Purpose Clauses Examples:

I came to see him. (...so that I might see him.)
Veni ut eum viderem.

I will come to see him.
Veniam ut eum videam.

He left so that I would not see him. (...so as for me not to see him)
Discessit ne se viderem.

Indirect Command Examples:

He told (ordered) me not to seem stupid.
Imperavit mihi ne stupidus viderer.

I am asking you to come. (...that you come. {Present Subjunctive in English )
Rogo te ut venias.


Special Note: Infinitives in Reported Commands

The verbs iubeo (I bid or I order) and veto (I forbid or I order...not) both take infinitives instead of indirect command clauses.

Also impero (I order or I command) will sometimes take present passive infinitives.

Examples:

I bid you to leave./I order you to leave.
Abire te iubeo.

He forbids us to stay./He orders us not to stay.
Vetat nos manere.

Caesar commanded the battleline to be drawn up.
Caesar aciem instrui imperavit.

Reflexive Pronouns and Subordinate Clauses

Sometimes reflexive pronouns (e.g. sui, sibi, se, se) in subordinate clauses will refer back to the subject or notional subject of the main clause. When this happens the subordinate clause is typically viewed/focalized through the eyes of the main clause subject. Purpose clauses and indirect commands will typically work this way whereas other clauses such as result clauses will not (and thus reflexives will not refer back to the main subject in a result clause).

Examples:

He wanted to leave so that they might not kill him(=the main clause subject).
Abire voluit ne se interficerent.

They asked us not to abandon them(=the main clause subject).
Nobis rogaverunt ne se relinqueremus.

Ch. 8 HW

HW: 8a 1,4,5,8,9 & 8b 2,4,5

COMMANDS

2nd person Commands

1. Positive: imperative
Fac id et narra nobis. Do it and tell us.
2. Negative: noli/nolite + pres. infin.
Noli dicere! Don't speak!

1st and 3rd person Commands

1. Positive: jussive/hortatory subjunctive
Eamus! Let's go!
2. Negative: jussive/hortatory subjunctive after ne (neve/neu...neve...neu)
Neu exeat neu exire conetur. Let him not leave nor try to leave.

But beware of English like "Let him go."
It might mean:
A. "May he go." (Eat!) --a mild command or suggestion that he leave
or
B. "Allow him to go." (Permitte eum ire.) -- a command to permit him to leave

2nd person Negative Commands

Sometimes represented with ne and prohibitive subjunctive (typically perfect)

Ne abieris! Don't go away!
Neve dixeris neve quicquam egeris. Don't talk or do anything.

Multiple Command with Negative(s)

If two or more are negative, link them with neve/neu.
Neu abeat neu abieris! Let neither him nor you go away!

If one is negative, list it last with preceeding neque.
Veni neque plus me rogaveris. Come and don't ask me more.

Future Imperative

Present stem + to (s.) or + tote (pl.) makes the so called future imperative form. Don't worry about it now--it is archaic, legalistic, and religious in tone.

Special Note on Verbs

Sometimes English will use a verb intransitively (i.e. with a preposition), though the Latin translation will have a transitive verb taking a regular direct object.

I wait for him. Eum exspecto.
I am amazed at you. Te miror.
He is looking for us. Nos petit.
You ask me for gold. Aurum me rogas.

CH. 7 Infinitives in indirect discourse

Notes: As always read the chapter intro and footnotes carefully.

Infinitives in indirect statement are the same tense (present=present inf., any past=perfect inf., future=future inf.) as in the original direct statement.

Examples (with 3rd person):
"Venit." (perf. tense) "He came." {Direct quotation
Dixit eum venisse. He said that he (another guy) had come. {Here eum indicates the subject of the inifinitive is different from the main verb.
Dicit se hodie venisse. He says that he has (just) come today. {se indicates the same he as the subject of dicit

"Ea viro donum dat (dedit/dabit)." She is giving (gave/will give) the man a gift. {Direct
Audio eam viro donum dare (dedisse/daturam esse). I hear that she is giving (gave/will give) the man a gift.
Dictum erat eam viro donum dare (dedisse/daturam esse). {Notice the Latin indirect statement does not change even though the main verb is now past tense.
It had been said that she gave (had given/would give) the man a gift. {Notice the English translation is "had verbed" and "would verb" for perfect and future active infinitives after a past tense main verb.

"Urbs a hostibus capitur (capta est)." The city is being captured (has been captured) by the enemy. {Direct
Scio urbem a hostibus capi (captam esse). I know that the city is being captured (has been captured) by the enemy.
Putavit urbem a hostibus capi (captam esse). {Again the Latin indirect statement does not change.
He thought that the city was being captured (had been captured) by the enemy. {Again the English translation changes after a past tense main verb


HW assignment:
7A, part 1: 1-3 & 10-12 (short sentences)
7A, part 2: 1 & 2
7B: 7
7C: 1

Answers ch. 2 and 3

HW Ch. 2-3

2
1. diutius mihi non placet hic manere.
4. Plurimi (hominum/ex hominibus) malunt ludos spectare quam laborare.
8. Nemo resistere diutius ausus est.
10. Quis nos docere bene legere potest? Discere (facere) illud saepe temptavimus (conati sumus).

Some Unassigned
2. Canem fidelem mori pati non debes.
3. Difficillimum est aciem Romanum vincere. {Latin would most likely use adjective "Roman" instead of possessive noun here}
5. Agricola exercitum suum in Caledoniam progredi.
6. Milites difficultatibus (abl. of cause) itineris queri coeperunt (inceperunt).
7. Facere autem iter celerrime cogebantur (coacti sunt).

3a
1. Hostium copias prope litus instructas vidimus.
3. Haec verba locuti, flere coeperunt.
9. Omnes fortiter pugnantes pro patria interfecti sunt.

Some Unassigned
2. Cur times illa saxa cadentia? {I put illa to indicate some specific stones, though it is unnecesary.}
4. Captivi a rege liberati gratias ei dedere. {dedere is an alternate form for dederunt, ere = erunt, 3rd pl. perf. act. ending}
8. Barbari hoc proelio victi coeperunt spem amittere (desperare).

3b
3. Mox (brevi), monitus de consiliis Gallorum, statuit illuc redire.
8. Morituri sumus nisi ad nos cibum statim mittes. {Note future verb--Latin is more exact with the tense.}
10. Legati ab Thebanis missi crudeliter interfecti sunt.

Some Unassigned
1. Nautae, navem renovare iussi, hoc opus ante noctem finivit.
2. Caesar, ad Italiam proficiscens, exercitum magnum in Gallia reliquit. {If you are going "to" or "into" a country you need in + acc., but here Caesar was setting out "for" or "towards" Italy, so ad + acc. is needed.}
7. Natus in Hispania, illinc in Britanniam puer veni.
9. Pastores, de monte venientes, clamores nostros audiverunt (audiebant).

Correct Creative Sentences Ch. 1

Hanna and Kyle created perfect Latin sentences. Congrats!

Hanna Bertoldi
Cur non vides flores?

Kyle Rhoads
Videsne flores?

Ch. 4

Chapter 4 continues our participle composition, focusing on ablative absolutes

Here is the HW for ch. 4: 4a 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 4b 2, 4, 7


ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES

Not all of these sentences have ablative absolutes. If the participle modifies or describes any noun or pronoun in the main clause, it must agree in gender, number, and case with that word and NOT be an ablative absolute.

Also note that the footnote on 4a forbids you to use deponent verbs in that section.

Note that Latin has 3 main participles: present active (amans), perfect passive (amatus), and future active (amaturus). The future passive participle or gerundive (amandus) is more rare and typically limited to fewer circumstances--do not use it in this chapter.

Of the three usual Latin participles, note that the present and future are always active (even if the verb is deponent) and may take objects if appropriate (femina librum lectura = "the woman about to read the book").

The perfect is always passive unless it is the perfect participle of a deponent verb, which is passive in form but active in meaning (secutus = "having followed"). When passive the perfect participle may take an ablative of agent construction to show the person by whom the action was done (vir a puella victus = "the man (having been) conquered by the girl").

RELATIVE TIME

Participles and infinitives in Latin show relative time not actual time.

Thus present participles usually show the SAME time as the main verb, NOT necessarily present time, since it might be the same time as a past or future main verb.

E.g. Ambulans per agros, canem vidit. SAME time as vidit (past)
Walking through the fields (in the past), he saw a dog.

Perfect participles show an EARLIER time than the main verb, NOT necessarily past time, since a time earlier than a future tense main verb might be future or present.

E.g. Urbs ab hostibus capta delebitur. EARLIER time than delebitur but still future
The city, having been captured (in the future) by the enemy, will be destroyed.
Better English: The city, once captured by the enemy, will be destroyed.

Future participles show a LATER time than the main verb, NOT necessarily future time, since a time later than a past verb might still be past or present.

E.g. Vir fabulam dicturus domum reliquerat. LATER than reliquerat but still past
The man going to tell the story had left the house.


Notice the normal Latin word order puts the participle and the noun/pronoun it modifies on opposite sides of the noun phrase, this is not like English word order. Attributive (i.e. usual descriptive) adjectives and and participles come after nouns/pronouns they modify. Circumstantial adjectives and participles usually come before.

Compare English versus Latin order:
Ablative Absolutes-
Vincente Caesare, Cicero maestus erat.
Caesar winning, Cicero was sad.
Proelio celeriter incepto, milites non iam advenerunt.
The battle having been quickly begun, the soldiers had not yet arrived.
The light departing slowly from the sky, everyone went home.
Luce e caelo segniter egrediente, omnes domum ierunt.
Attributive Participles-
The loving mother helps her children.
Mater amans liberos adiuvat.
The man running through the street is my brother.
Vir per viam currens est frater meus.
Circumstantial Participles-
Coming to town, he bought a cow.
Ingressus in urbem, bovem emit. (ingressus modifies understood "he" subject)
While swimming, he reached the shore.
Natans, ad litus pervenit. (natans modifies understood "he" subject)

Ch. 1 Answers

HW Answers Ch. 1

1a
1. Ubi es?
3. Accusasne me?
7. Num, mater, irata es?
10. Quot verba iam scis/novisti?
13. Num legati discesserunt?

a. Quo flores ierunt?
b. De Quibus floribus loqueris?
EXAMPLE
c. Nonne scis? (Don't you know?)

Sept. 3

Chapters 2 & 3

Infinitives

Remember infinitives are neuter singular verbal nouns, so adjectives and participles that agree with them must be neuter singular: Bonum est legere posse. (It is good to be able to read.)

complementary infinitive- completes the meaning of an intransitive verb such as possum or soleo.

objective infinitive or object infinitive- acts as direct object of a transitive verb such as volo or coepi.

subject infinitive- acts as the subject of certain verbs and verbal expressions such as placet or necesse est.

Usually infinitives take an accusative subject: abire te veto. (I forbid you to go.)

Infinitives used with certain verbs require dative subjects (really the dative is a dative of interest with the main verb): Venire mihi placet. (It pleases me to come.)


Participles

Latin uses participles far more than English, so often an English adjectival clause may be the equivalent of a Latin participial phrase:
The men who set out never arrived.
Viri profecti numquam advenerunt.

Remember that participles are verbal adjectives, so they must agree with what they modify in gender, number, and case: Muri cadentes (m. nom. pl.) viam operuerunt. (The walls, falling, covered the road.)

Remember that participles and infinitives show relative time. Thus perfect participles show a time earlier than the main verb, while present participles show the same time as the main verb, and future participles show later time.

Perfect passive participles (4th principal part) can be translated "verbed" or "having been verbed"; however, perfect passive participles of deponent verbs are active in meaning, so they mean "verbing" or more accurately "having verbed." Note only deponent verbs can have these kind of perfect active (in meaning) participles.

Present participles are formed from the present stem (with -ie- vowels for -io verbs) plus -ns, -ntis. Though it is always translated "verbing," your book is right to point out that an English present participle does not always equal a Latin present participle because Latin is more particular about representing relative time.

Going to town, he sang along the way.
SAME TIME (needs Latin present participle)
Iens ad oppidum, per viam canebat.
Going to town, he bought a sword.
EARLIER TIME (needs Latin deponent perfect active participle)
Ingressus in oppidum, gladium emit.

Future participles (4th principal part - us/um + urus) may be translated "going to verb," "likely to verb," or "intending to verb."

I am intending to leave today.
Discessurus hodie sum.
About to run, he decided to stay.
Cursurus, manere constituit.

HW: 2. 1,4,8,10 & 3a. 1,3,9 & 3b. 3,8,10 (on syllabus)

Intro and Chapt. 1

Parts of Speech

If you can't define these parts of speech, then you need to look them up and learn their function.

Nouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions


Phrases and Clauses

A phrase is a group of words that perform a unified function in the sentence (they might act as an adjective or adverb, for example). Clauses may be complete simple sentences, or they may be one part of a complex or compound sentence.
Phrases have no finite verb (e.g. works, loved, was), though they may include verbal forms such as infinitives or participles. Clauses have at least one finite verb (or at least understand a verb).

Phrases: to do, in the house, running swiftly

Clauses:
He ran away.
When they came, ....
If you'll tell me, ...
...and I will call you back.


QUESTIONS

YES/NO Type

-ne (simple yes/no question)
nonne (invites the answer yes)
num (invites the answer no)

Venisne? Are you coming?
Nonne venis? Aren't you coming?(tone expects yes) You are coming, aren't you?
Num venis? Are you coming?(tone expects no) You aren't coming, are you?

Usually -ne follows the verb which is placed first in the clause (in normal statements Latin likes the verb last in the clause). Note the first word of a question receives some emphasis so:

Vincitne Caesar? Is Caesar winning? (the person wants to know about the outcome)
Caesarne vincit? Is Caesar winning? (the person wants to know if Caesar rather than his opponent is winning)


Qu-, Cu-, and other types of question words

cur abis? Why are you leaving?

Be careful with "where" which has three main Latin equivalents for place where (ubi), place to where (quo, like old English whither), and place from where (unde, like old English whence).

ubi erat? Where was he?

quo navigas? Where are you sailing (to)?

unde venisti? Where did you come from?

Be careful with word order. Sometimes English puts prepositions at the end of clauses where Latin needs them with their objects.

De quo loqueris? Whom are you talking about? (Note everyday English usage wrongly uses who here.)

Quibuscum is? Whom are you going with? (Note everyday English usage wrongly uses who here.)


HW: Prepare for verb quiz Friday and do the exercises 1a 1,3,7,10,13 and the following:

Translate a & b into Latin but not the notes in parentheses. Then write a new English question for c and translate it into Latin
a. (Person 1) Where have all the flowers gone?
b. (Person 2) What flowers are you talking about?
c. (Person 1 replies with another question) ….