Ch. 54

HW: 54A 1,2,3,5,9,13,20 & then complete this Mad Lib style English sentence and translate it into Latin:

Choose a kind of person (sailor,poet,etc.): ________________
Then choose an abstract noun (love,justice,etc.): ___________________
Then choose an adverb (rightly,stupidly,etc.): _________________
Then choose a concrete noun (fire,ball, etc.): _________________

Now reverse this English sentence (you can use a mirror if you have trouble reading backwards) and fill in your chosen words; then translate into Latin.

.(__concrete noun__) *sih/reh fo deppirts (__adverb__ ) saw *eh/ehs tub ,(__person__) a deerf (__abstract noun__) htiw gnik ehT

*same as the person you chose

ABLATIVE USES

This is mostly review and vocabulary lists, but here are a few notes.

541

Ablative of manner usually has the preposition cum + an ablative of an abstract noun (love, patience, etc.)) but with a few words (see 542) or when there is an adjective with the ablative noun, the cum is not needed. In English we often translate ablative of manner with an adverb instead of a prepositional phrase.

Examples:
with love, lovingly
cum amore

with the highest praise
summa cum laude
or
summa laude

with patientice, patiently
cum patientia

542

You do not need a cum with these ablatives of manner.

543

This just lists the verbs (and one adjective "liber") that may take an ablative of separation as a complement to complete the meaning.

Left Out Ablative of Cause Again

Your book again fails to mention one common ablative use, ablative of cause. Any ablative (without a preposition) that may be translated with "because of (abl.)" could be an ablative of cause.

Ch. 52-3

HW: 52A 2,5,6,7; 53A 1,5,6,9

SOME, ANY, EACH/EVERY

In order to master the use of indefinite pronouns and indefinite adverbs you need to understand the different categories and the root words from which they are constructed. Indefinites are usually constructed from interrogative or relative forms.

Here are some interrogative/relative bases with their indefinite versions:

quis who} aliquis someone, quisque everyone/each, quisquam anyone

quid what} aliquid something, quidque/quicque everything/each, quidquam/quicquam anything

qui,quae,quod who/what/which} aliqui some, quique every/each

quantus how/as much} aliquantus somewhat/some amount

ubi* where/when} aliubi somewhere, ubique everywhere, ubiquam wherever

ut* how/as} aliut somehow, utique anyhow, utiquam in every way

*ut and ubi used to be cut(i)/quot(i), and cubi/quobi from the same stem as qui,quae,quod

quando when} aliquando sometime, quandoque whenever

quamdiu how/as long} aliquamdiu for some time, quamquamdiu for however long

quotiens how/as often} aliquotiens some/several times

Many other examples could be given. You should consult the chart in your Allen and Greenough Grammar Book section 217 which lists many different kinds of adverbs. I will also give you another similar chart in class. You must understand the logical relationship among these words if you want to use them correctly.

PREFIXES/SUFFIXES

ali- This prefix will be translated either as "some" or "any".
-dam This suffix will be translated as "some" or "certain". -dam is more specific than ali-.
-quam This suffix will typically mean "some" or "any" but will be used in negative clauses or when there is suggestion of doubt/uncertainty.
-vis This suffix literally means "you want" and should usually be translated "any" or "any -soever"
-que This suffix will be translated as "each" or more rarely "every"
-cumque This suffix will be translated as "-ever" or "-soever"

*Don't forget after si, nisi, num, and ne you should use quis, quid for anyone, anything.*

You may also double relative and interrogative words to make an indefinite:
cui = to whom, cuicui = to whomever
quem = whom, quemquem = whomever
quae = which, quaequae = whichever
quo = (to) where, quoquo = (to) wherever
ubi = when/where, ubiubi = whenever/wherever

ullus, ulla, ullum = any
nullus, nulla, nullum = no, none
nonnullus = not no one, nonnulli = not no people (some people)
complures, complura = several

IDIOMS

alius...alius
The first alius is "one" or "some", the second is "another" or "others."

Examples:
Alia femina venit, alia non.
One woman is coming, the other is not.
Alios vicit, alios fugavit.
He conquered some, he put the others to flight.

nescio quis (nescioquis), nescio quid (nescioquid)
Nescio means "I don't know", so literally nescioquid means "I don't know what" but it should be translated "something". Nescio may similarly be combined with other Latin words to make indefinite forms. Some Latin texts write nescio together with the following word, others don't.

Examples:
Nescioquis hoc fecit. Someone did this. (I'm not quite sure who, but someone did.)
Nescio cui nocuit. He harmed someone. (I do not know who it was though.)
Nescioquo iit. He has gone somewhere. (Don't ask me where I don't know.)

IDIOMATIC USAGE WITH EVERY (quisque)

In Latin the words for each (quisque,uterque) and every (quisque) are often used in idiomatic contexts with numbers, superlatives and reflexives.

Superlatives (note adjective comes first):
Fortissimus quisque = "every bravest man," which means "all the bravest men"

Ordinal numbers (number comes first):
Septimus quisque = "every seventh person," which means "one in seven"

Reflexives referring to quisque/uterque are usually placed directly before:
Se quisque adiuvat. Each/every man helps himself.
Sua cuique... To each his own...

NO RECIPROCAL PRONOUN

Latin has no reciprocal pronoun ("each other" or "one another" in English), so they have to use inter + reflexive pronoun.

Examples:
They helped each other.
Rephrased: They helped among/between themselves.
Inter se adiuverunt.

We spoke to one another.
Rephrased: We spoke among/between ourselves.
Inter nos locuti sumus.

INDEFINITE RELATIVE CLAUSES (-ever, -soever)

Often these clauses will begin with a -cumque form or a doubled form like quemquem, quisquis, or quoquo, but regular relatives are also ok. Even though these are generalizing, they will use indicative verbs. Compare the cum clause "whenever" with an indicative verb (s. 464). If possible, follow the tense suggestions given in the cum clause section for "whenever".

Examples:
Whenever (as oftens as) he came, we went to the shop.
Quotiens venerat (plup.), ad tabernam iimus.
Wherever you go (or "have gone"), there I will be too.
Quoquo ieris (fut. perf.), ibi quoque adero.
Whatever you do, I am your friend.
Quidquid fecisti(perf.), sum amicus tuus.

SI + INDEFINITE PRONOUN/ADVERB = INDEFINITE RELATIVE

Finally, as they say in 535 si + an interrogative may be translated as an indefinite relative.

Examples:
si quid scis, narra mihi.
If you know anything, tell me.
Rephrased as relative: Tell me whatever you know.

Si quo ibis, te sequar.
If you go anywhere, I will follow.
Rephrased as relative: I will follow wherever you go.

Ch. 51

HW: 51A 1-8

Idioms of Preventing/Hindering (See your Allen and Greenough Grammar section 558)

Section 511

We usually show prevention in English with "from" and a gerund or participle.

Examples: I hindered them from dancing. You prevent me from keeping the gold.

However, Latin will use either an infinitive clause or a subjunctive clause of prevention. Prohibeo, non dubito, and non recuso may be followed by an infinitive or a subjunctive clause of prevention.

I prevent you from leaving.
Either: Prohibeo te discedere.
Or: Prohibeo te ne (or "quo minus") discedas*.
*Present subjunctive shows slightly later time in primary sequence.

I didn't hesitate to speak.
Either: Non dubitavi loqui.
Or: Non dubitavi quin loquerer*.
*Imperfect subjunctive shows slightly later time in secondary sequence.

Otherwise all the verb of preventing and restraining mentioned in 511 should be followed by a subjunctive clause of prevention. Clauses of prevention are constructed similar to purpose (final) clauses and use sequence of tenses.

Section 512

Use quo minus or ne to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a positive main clause.

He restrained everyone from going.
Rephrased: He restrained everyone so that they would not go.
Omnes retinuit quo minus (or "ne") irent (impf. subj.).

You will hinder me from singing.
Rephrased: You will hinder me so that I may not sing.
Impedies me ne (or "quo minus") canam (pres. subj.).

Use quo minus or quin to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a negative main clause. (Thus quo minus works in all cases.)

You all had not deterred the enemy from attacking.
Rephrased: You all had not deterred the enemy so that they would not attack.
Hostes non deterruistis quin (or "quo minus") oppugnarent.

I did not refrain from running.
Rephrased: I did not refrain (for myself) so that I would not run.
Non temperabam mihi quin currrerem.

Section 513

Two special impersonal idioms here... Since they are impersonal, the verbs (stare/abesse) must always be in the 3rd sing. "it" form in Latin.

IDIOM 1
per (acc. of person/thing) stare
Literal translation of the Latin: to stand/exist because of (acc.)
Rephrased to better English: to be the fault of (acc.) / to be due to (acc.)

Examples:
It was his fault we could not leave.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It stood because of him that we could not leave.
Per eum stetit quo minus discedere possemus.

Our failure to reach the island will be due to you.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It will stand because of you that we may not reach the island.
Per te stabit quo minus ad insulam perveniamus.

IDIOM 2
non multum abesse / haud procul abesse
to be not far (from) / to be by no means far off (from)
Rephrased closer to English: to almost happen / to nearly occur

Examples:
I nearly won.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It was not far from that I should win.
Non multum afuit quin (or "quo minus") vincerem.

Our country is close to being destroyed.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It is by no means far off from that our country may be destroyed.
Haud procul abest quin (or "quo minus") patria nostra deleatur.

Correct Dum Clause Story Endings

The following are the correct dum clause story endings. For extra credit on the dum clause homework, you may translate all five sentences and rank your three favorite endings from 1 (highest) to 3 (lowest). 1 point per correct translation and 1 point for ranking the top 3.

If I can get a reasonable amount of rankings (at least five), I'll compile the results and post the winners. The winners will each get a bonus on the final quiz: +3 (1st place), +2 (2nd place), +1 (3rd place).

Quam celerrime venerunt adiuvandi causa. (Richard Kim)
Comprehendi eum et natavi ad litus.* (Harry Perilstein)
Cecidi. (E Howser)
Sed serius erat quam ut eum servarem. (Eliza Liu)
Meum amicum comprehendi et ex undis eum tractavi.^ (Trevor Donelly)
In the voice of the narrator: Postea, magni pisces eis vescebantur. (Shaun Espenshade)


*I would probably reorder the clauses to put the verbs at the end but this is unnecessary.
^I would drop out the eum because context would suggest the same object as the previous clause but the eum is not grammatically wrong.

ch. 49-50

HW: 49A 1,2,3,10; 50A 1,4,5,7 and the following:
Compose an English sentence with “without” and translate into Latin without using sine.


QUIN

In section 491, the book confuses things a bit. Both here and in section 288 quin is actually a relative adverb. In origin quin is "qui" is an old ablative form of the interrogative and relative pronoun quis, quid or qui, quae, quod. This ablative has had the ne particle added to the end of it (and the final e as often has dropped off). Occasionally one will see it still introducing a question and meaning something like: "How is...not...?"

Example:
Quin defessus es?
How is it that you are not tired? or Why are you not tired?

QUIN WITH EXPRESSION OF DOUBT

After expressions of doubt a quin clause with a subjunctive verb following sequence of tenses is desired. However, note that dubito + quin (+subj.) means "I doubt that..." but dubito + inf. means "I hesitate to..."

Dubium erat quin veniret.
It was doubtful that he was coming.
Literally: It was doubtful whether he was not coming.

Non dubitaveram quin auxilio futurus esses.
I had not doubted that you would be helpful.
Literally: I had not doubted whether you were not going to be helpful.


QUIN WITH CONSECUTIVE/RESULT CLAUSES AFTER NEGATIVE MAIN CLAUSE

These kinds of clauses are often equivalent to a participle/gerund phrase beginning with "without" in English.

Examples:
I never went to town without buying food.
Rephrased in awkward English, but closer to Latin: I never went to town how (or "in a way") that I would not buy food.
Numquam ibam ad oppidum quin cibum emerem.

He will go nowhere without bad things happening.
Rephrased closer to Latin: He will go nowhere how (or "in a way") that bad things will not happen.
Nusquam ibit quin mala fiant.

Let no Elvis fan die without once seeing Graceland.
Rephrased closer to Latin: Let no fan/supporter of Elvis die how that he should not see Graceland, at least one time.
Ne fautor Elvis (3rd decl. gen.) moriatur quin Terram Gratiae videat, semel saltem.

I did not let a day pass without helping someone.
Rephrased: I let no day pass how that I would not be (for a ) help (to) someone.
Nullum diem omissi quin alicui (or "cui") auxilio essem.

QUIN RESULT AFTER NEGATIVE POSSUM IN MAIN CLAUSE

Examples:
I cannot help trying.
Rephrased closer to Latin: I cannot do (otherwise than) how that I should not try.
Non possum facere quin coner.

It cannot be that you are not bad. = You must be bad.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It cannot happen how that you should not be bad.
Non potest fieri quin malus sis.


WITHOUT, INSTEAD OF, SO FAR FROM

WITHOUT

See previous chapter notes for quin + subj. for "without...verbing".

Do NOT use the preposition sine with a Latin gerund.

The negative ablative absolute is often a good choice to translate an English without-phrase; see the examples in section 501. Here are a couple more:

Without capturing a bull
Rephrased: no bull having been captured
Nullo tauro capto

Without the arrival of reinforcements
Rephrased: No new troops arriving
Nullis novis copiis avenientibus


INSTEAD OF

Basically they are telling you to use cum concessive/circumstantial which uses a subjunctive verb. Though pro can mean "instead of" the Latin preposition will NEVER take a gerund as its object. Thus we have to change the English phrase into a full clause.

Examples:
The men instead of obeying fled the battle.
Rephrased: The men, whereas/when/although the should have/ought to have obeyed, fled from the battle.
Viri, cum obsequi deberent, e proelio fugerunt.

Instead of trying to help, they are abandoning us.
Rephrased: When/Although/Whereas they could have helped, they are abandoning us.
Cum adiuvare potuerint, nos relinquunt.


SO FAR FROM

This is an archaic (or British) expression for the most part, so it may not be familiar to you. It shows a strong statement of an opposite result.

Example:
So far from leaving, they stayed for years.

In modern American English we would usually expand this to:
They were so far from leaving that they stayed for years.

In such a sentence, notice that the emphasis is on the second clause which is often surprising or contrary to expectation.

Your book suggests three options:

1)not only...but even
non modo.. sed (etiam)

Not only were they not leaving, but they even/actually stayed for many years.
Non modo non relinquebant, sed (etiam/revera) multos annos manserunt.

2) (1st clause) is so far from (reality) that ...
Tantum abest ut (1st subj. clause) ut (2nd emphatic subj. clause).

That they should leave was so far from (reality) that they remained for many years.
Tantum afuit ut discederent ut multos annos manerent/manserint.

3) So much (main clause) that...
Adeo/tam (indicative main clause) ut (emphatic subjunctive clause)

They were so not leaving that they stayed for many years.
Adeo/tam non discedebant ut multos annos manserint/manerent.

Here's another example like in Section 505 to show how to do this with a not...even (ne...quidem). Remember ne..quidem surround only one emphatic word in Latin

So far from helping us, they did not even come.
Rephrased: Not only did they not help us, but they did not even come.
Non modo nos adiuverunt, sed ne venerunt quidem.

Ch. 47

Just for variety we are not doing sentences out of the book this time. Here's the assignment.

47 HW Dum Clause Sheet (Handed out in class)

1. I wanted to stay until he arrived (i.e. until he should arrive).


2. But, as long as I was waiting, the water kept rising higher until it reached my feet.


3. Meanwhile he was running as fast as he could (i.e. as quickly as possible) until he became too tired.


4. I decided to stay longer as long as (provided that) the waves did not reach my knees*.
*genu, genus n. knee


5. Meanwhile he walked till he could walk no more.


6. Then, while the water level (i.e. height/depth of the water) was still increasing, I saw him stumble.


7. Quickly I threw myself into the water and swam towards him, while he was falling beneath the waves.


8. [Write your own Latin sentence as an end to the story… It need not have a dum clause.]



THE CONJUNCTION DUM

Section 552-7 in your Allen and Greenough Grammar

Firstly, dum is a partial synonym of quoad and donec which may replace dum when it means "while" (in the sense "as long as") with any indicative tense or when it means "until" with indicative.

Dum can mean while, as long as, provided that (often with "modo"), until, or till.

See the summary at Section 476 for basic pointers.

TEMPORAL WHILE AND AS LONG AS

If translating a temporal "while" dum will take either present indicative or another indicative tense.

Dum as "while" with present indicative shows the time within which the main clauses happens/happened.

Dum as "while" with other indicative tenses (and also when both clauses have present indictive) means "as long as", in other words it shows that both clauses extended over the same extent of time.

Examples:
While he was walking this way, we shouted at him.
*One shout occured at one point within the time he was walking
Dum huc ambulat, ei adclamavimus.
While (As long as) he was walking, we kept on shouting at him.
*The shouting went on the whole time as he was walking.
Dum ambulabat, ei adclamabamus.
While (As long as) I have breath, I will fight.
*The breathing and fighting are supposed to extend over the same time.
Dum spiritus mihi erit^, pugnabo.
^Latin has future here as in simple future conditions; English has present.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL WHILE, SO LONG AS, OR PROVIDED THAT

These kinds of clauses are called clauses of proviso, and in Latin the dum will have a subjunctive verb and occasionally "modo" will follow dum. If a negative is needed for the dum clause, use "ne" as if in a purpose clause. The subjunctive verb is chosen as with purpose clauses following sequence of tenses. In English we may also use a subjunctive: So long as(Provided that) you should not need me, I will just stay out of the way.

Examples:
While (So long as/ Provided that) he is not coming, I can sleep a long time.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: Provided that he should not come, I can sleep a long time.
Dum (modo) ne veniat, possum diu dormire.

He wanted to leave so long as (provided that) it was not necessary to stay.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He wanted to leave so long as it were not (or "should not be") necessary to stay.
Exire voluit dum (modo) ne manere necesse esset.

DUM AS UNTIL OR TILL

When only or primarily describing a temporal relationship, the dum clause uses an indicative verb.

When indicating another connection such as intention dum requires a subjunctive as do antequam and priusquam in such a context. Such intention is common after verbs such as "wait" (expectare). In such cases, English may use a subjunctive to though it sounds archaic or stilted. Note in these dum clauses the negatives are regular (non, nullus, etc.), not ne, because it is a sort of potential subjunctive.

WARNING
***Remember "until" after a negative main clause is translated with antequam or priusquam, not dum, in Latin (Section 455).***

Examples:
He waited until we came. (intention/purpose)
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He waited until we should/could come.
Expectabat dum veniremus.

I ran until I stumbled. (no intention)
Currebam dum prolapsus sum.

He advanced until the river blocked his course. (no intention)
Progressus est dum flumen iter suum impedivit.

He had wanted to help until you arrived.* (intention; see explanation below)
*"He" intended to help someone until "you" arrived to help, whereupon "he" intended to leave.
Rephrased with English subjunctive: He had wanted to help until you should/might arrive.
Adiuvare voluerat dum advenires.

We desire to run until we cannot (should not) be able to. (intention)
Currere cupimus dum non possimus.

EXTRA CREDIT SENTENCES

Anyone who wants may rank their top three favorite sentences and translate all 7 into good English. You can earn 1 point of extra credit for a quiz grade per sentence that you translate correctly and 1 point simply for ranking the top 3.

Trevor Donnelly
Domum prius relinquere conatus est quam venti venirent.

Lizzy McMahon
Prius clamavit quam caderes.

Harry Perilstein
ante fugere conatus est quam advenirem.

Brett Giacco
Antequam discederes, copiam transportavit.

Eliza Liu
domum veniet ante quam nox adveniat.

Kyle Rhoads
Antequam ludo adsim* scribam epistolam ad matrem.
*adsum sometimes takes a dative as here; but I would suggest a place where expression such as "in ludo" or "ludi" (locative).

Shaun Espenshade
Noluit prius superare quam omnem* daret.
*omnis (s.) every; (pl.) all

Ch. 46

HW: 46A 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,10

CUM CLAUSES

The word cum as a preposition takes the ablative case and means "with". You see it in ablative of accompaniment (We went with the sailors. "cum nautis") and ablative of manner (He graduated with great praise. "magna cum laude").

The word cum as a conjunction is an alternate spelling for "quom," the spelling used by Cicero and others of the first century BC and earlier.

Cum the conjunction introduces a full clause (clauses have verbs, phrases do not) and is translated: when, since, although, whereas, or whenever.

Here are the three types of cum clauses that always take the subjunctive; notice the names all begin with c, hopefully this will help you remember them. They all follow sequence of tenses.

Cum Circumstantial (tells the circumstances in which the main clause occurs)

When the enemy was beseiging us, we had a small supply of food.
Cum hostes nos obsiderent*, parva nobis copia erat cibi.
*imperfect subjunctive shows same (_or later) relative time in secondary sequence
When he arrived, we greeted him.
Cum advenisset*, eum salutavimus.
*pluperfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in secondary sequence

Cum Causal (tells the cause or reason for the main clause)

Since/because you are coming, we will win.
Cum venias*, vincemus.
*present subjunctive shows same (or later) relative time in primary sequence
Since/because he left (has left), we are leaving too.
Cum discesserit*, quoque discedimus.
*perfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in primary sequence

Cum Concessive (tells the adverse or opposing situation in spite of which the main clause occurs)
In English, the main clause often has "still" or "nevertheless"; in Latin "tamen" and "nihilominus" are similarly often found.

Although you had helped, we were (still) defeated.
Cum adiuvisses*, (tamen) victi sumus.
*pluperfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in secondary sequence
Although she is here, he (nevertheless) will not look at her.
Cum illa adsit*, ille (nihilominus) ipsam/illam/eam non spectabit.
*present subjunctive shows same (or later) relative time in primary sequence

Cum Temporal

When cum refers only to a time relationship, indicative may be used and must be used for primary tenses (present, future, future perfect). Indicative may even be used with other tenses when marked by time adverbs or phrases which suggest that the main or only important relationship between the clauses is TIME.

Examples:
When you were consul, then (at the time) I was still a soldier.
Cum consul eras, tum (eo tempore) iam eram miles.
When you first arrived (As soon as you arrived), we greeted you.
Cum primum advenisti, te salutavimus.

Cum = whenever

Cum can be translated "whenever" with indicative tense. As your book indicates, this will usually (but not always) be when the cum clause verb is perfect (with present main clause), future perfect (with future main clause), or pluperfect (with past tense, espe. impf., main clause) so that the cum clause clearly shows it is earlier than the main clause. This construction is akin to the present, future, and past general conditions which use si/nisi + inidcative verb. Sometimes this kind of cum clause will be associated with a main-clause word or phrase such as always (semper) or often (saepe).

Examples:
Whenever I saw him, I (always/continually) thanked him (used to thank him).
Cum eum videram, ei gratias (semper) agebam.
Whenever he comes (will have come), I will (always) help him.
Cum venerit, ei (semper) succurram.
Whenever he leaves, we (always) follow.
Cum exiit, (semper) sequimur.

Inverted Cum Clause or Cum Inversum

A cum clause with an indicative verb may be placed at the end of the sentence for emphasis. It is called an inverted cum clause. Sometimes a time word meaning suddenly or unexpectedly (subito, repente, de improviso) will occur in the cum clause; sometimes the main clause will have a word/phrase such as "just now" (iam/iam modo) or "only barely" (tantum/modo). The cum clause usually has a perfect or present indicative verb.

Examples:
The sun was rising when (suddenly) we saw the enemy approaching.
Sol oriebatur cum (subito) vidimus hostes appropinquare/appropinquantes.
The general had just finished his speech when (unexpectedly) the spears fell out of the sky.
Dux orationem iam modo perfecit cum de improviso hastae de caelo cadunt (vivid historical present).


Since this/that is so...

In English expressions of this sort, Latin usually uses a plural connecting relative pronoun to link back to the previous sentence, and the verb thus is plural agreeing with the relative pronoun subject:

Since that had been so...
Quae cum ita fuissent...
Since this is the case...
Quae cum ita sint...

Cum...tum as correlative "both...and"

Though they literally mean "when" and "then". Cum and tum may be used as a stronger version of et...et, that is, "both...and". When they are used this way, they may join single words or whole phrases.

I saw both the senators and the people.
Cum senatores tum plebem vidi.
I will eat green eggs and ham both on a boat and with a goat.
Ovis et perna prasina cum in nave tum cum capro vescar.

Ch. 45

HW: 45A 1,5,6,7,8,9 45B 8,9 and compose the following for extra credit:
a sentence with a temporal clause with prius quam or ante quam showing intent (give English and Latin versions).


Adverbial Clauses of Time

Typically these have an indicative verb if just reflecting a temporal relationship of the clauses. However, if another connection is operative (for example, if the clause shows cause or purpose), the verb is often subjunctive. The most conjunctions most commonly used this way with subjunctive are dum, antequam, and priusquam.

See section 451 for a list of the main adverbs used for temporal clauses and their usual translations.

For this chapter do NOT use the conjunction cum (when/since/although) which is covered in ch. 46.

Section 452

Warns you that cum can take subjunctive in a past tense temporal clause (we will learn more about this in ch. 46) and that Postquam + perfect indicative means the same thing as Ubi/Quando + pluperfect indicative. In other words, "after...verbed" is the same thing as saying "when...had verbed." See examples below to understand what I mean.

Examples:
English: When they had left, we came out of the house.
Latin: Ubi discesserant(plup.), e domo venimus.
Different English with same meaning: After they left, we came out of the house.
Different Latin with same meaning: Postquam discesserunt(perf.), e domo venimus.

Also note that when the main clause is future a before-clause with ante quam in Latin will use present indicative instead of future. This is special because Latin usually uses future for subordinate clauses in a future context--remember the future more vivid conditions that we just studied: if you come (venies future in Latin), I will see you.

Examples:
English: Before you leave, I will tell you.
With ante quam: Ante quam discedis(pres.), tibi dicam(fut.).
With other word for before: Prius quam discedes(fut.), tibi dicam(fut.).

Section 453

The two parts of postquam, antequam, and priusquam may be placed together (written as one or two words) or separated by several words. This is because ante and prius literally mean "earlier" and post literally means "later" while "quam" means "than". Thus "ante...quam" is "earlier...than" and "post...quam" is "later...than".

Examples:
Before you went, I saw you.
Either: Antequam (or "priusquam") iisti, te vidi.
Or: Prius/ante te vidi quam iisti. {Literally: I saw you earlier than you went.

After I come, you leave.
Either: Postquam venio, discedis.
Or: Post discedis quam venio. {Literally: You leave later than I come.

You should use the separate way if you need to insert a specific expression such as "three days before" or "two years after". These will be constructed with an ablative of degree or measure of difference, i.e. "earlier by three days" or "later by two years".

Examples:
He left four hours before you arrived.
Rephrased: He left earlier by four hours than you arrived.
Good Latin: Quattuor ante/prius horis(abl.) discessit quam advenisti.
One year after you arrived, you left again.
Rephrased: You left again later by one year than you arrived.
Good Latin: Iterum discessisti uno post anno quam advenisti.

Section 454

Subjunctive verb in a temporal clause indicates that something more is going on. Perhaps the clause hints at intention/purpose or cause. Usually these clauses will take imperfect subjunctive (if secondary) and present subjunctive (if primary).

Examples:
Before you arrived, he left. {He left because he did not want to see you.
Latin: Antequam advenires(impf. subj.), discessit.
They left before we arrived. {They did not want to stick around with us.
Latin: Prius discesserunt quam adveniremus.
*Note a literal translation of the above Latin subjunctives makes it more clear that there is a specific intention here: Before you might/should arrive, he left. They left earlier than we might/would arrive.

Section 455

Until must be translated with priusquam or antequam with a negative main clause IF AND ONLY IF until can be replaced by before in English. Otherwise use dum. Note that until- or till-clauses almost always show intention and thus need subjunctives.

He was staying until we left. {Can't replace until with before.
Latin: Manebat dum discederemus. {Subj. because shows intention/purpose
He did not want to come until he learned that I was coming. {Can substitute before for until.
Latin: Venire noluit antequam/priusquam me venire novit. {No intention involved, the situation was a surprise, so indicative more likely here.

ch. 43-44

HW: 43A 5,7,9,10 44A 1,2,3,4

CONDITIONS 43 & 44

Conditions have two clauses the main- or then-clause (also called the apodosis) and the subordinate if-clause (also called the protasis). Usually the if-clause (protasis) comes first, e.g.: "If you saw, you would agree." But it doesn't have to, e.g.: "I will leave, if he comes." English if-clauses (protases) are marked in one of these ways, with "if", with "unless" (for negative clauses), with "whether", or by putting the verb first in the clause.

Examples of conditions in English:

With if
If you leave, I will too.
If he had died, we would have cried.

With whether
Whether you come or go, we will be happy.

With unless
Unless he has left, we will not attend.

By putting the verb first in the clause
Were you doing good, I would applaud you.
Had he fought, he would have won.

TWO MAIN KINDS OF CONDITIONS

In both Latin and English there are two main kinds of conditions. Simple or general conditions that use regular indicative verbs and ideal or imaginary conditions that use subjunctive verbs.

Simple conditions are constructed in the same way in English and Latin for present and past tenses. In Latin si = if and nisi = unless/if not.

Examples:
If he left, I followed. {Past general = Whenever he left, I followed.
Si discessit, secutus sum.
If you are coming, we are coming too.
Si venis, quoque venimus.
Unless he is leaving, we are not staying.
Nisi discedit, non manemus.

However, future or future perfect simple conditions (which are also called future more vivid conditions) have a present or perfect tense verb in the if-clause in English while Latin follows the logical sequence and uses future or future perfect tense for both clauses.

Examples:
If they come, I will see them.
Si venient(fut.)/venerint(fut. perf.), eos videbo(fut.).
If you build it, they will come.
Si id aedificabis(fut.)/aedificaveris(fut. perf.), venient(fut.).
Unless you remind them, they won't remember.
Nisi eos admonebis(fut.)/admonueris(fut. perf.), non meminerint(fut. perf.).


Subjunctive Ideal/Imaginary Conditions

First, I should give you an overview of the subjunctive in English. In most cases English uses a modal helping verb (also called auxiliary verb) to indicate subjunctive. Here are some common ones: may, might, could, would, and should.

However, English still has a present subjunctive and has some left overs of the old past/preterite subjunctive forms.

English present subjunctive is the same as the English present infinitive without the "to".

to come } come
to see } see
to be } be

Examples of usage:
Be(subj.) that as it may.
Come(subj.) what will.
We fear lest he come(subj.)*. {Correct but archaic sounding
*Note that the English present subjunctive has no final -s for the 3rd s. forms (he/she/it), whereas the English present indicative does: He comes.

English preterite/past subjunctive:
were
would
should
could
might

Note that all the above past subjunctives are also past tense indicative forms for be, will, shall, can, and may. This is because Old English past subjunctive forms have combined with past indicative forms. They used to have a slightly different vowel sound which is still preserved in German which is a more conservative Germanic language. Because there is no difference between past indicative and subjunctive forms we always usually use one of the above modal verbs to note the subjunctive flavor a verb.

Examples:
Were(subj.) he only here!
Would(subj.) that she had come!
You might(subj.) believe me.


That concludes the English subjunctive interlude.

Now time for the subjunctive conditions

There is somewhat of a difference between what your book calls future ideal conditions and present or past ideal conditions.

Many other books would call a future ideal condition either a future less vivid (because it is not as vivid as the future more vivid which has future indicative) or a "should-would" condition (because it can be translated with should and would). Such conditions refer to a possible, but not strongly stated, future condition.

Typically the if-clause has "should" or "were to" and the then-clause has "would" in English.

Examples:
If he should come (or "were to come"), we would greet him warmly.
If you should leave (or "were to leave"), I would go too.
*Note the difference between the above future less vivid and the future more vivid: If he DOES come, we WILL greet him warmly. If you LEAVE, I WILL go too.

The present and past ideal conditions are often called unreal or contrafactual or contrary-to-fact conditions. A present contrary-to-fact condition states a present condition that is impossible or unreal. A past contrary-to-fact condition states a past condition that is impossible or unreal.

Typically a present contrary-to-fact condition has "were verbing"/"verbed" for the if-clause and "would verb" or "would be verbing" for the then-clause.
Typically a past contrary-to-fact condition has "had been verbing"/"had verbed" for the if-clause and "would have verbed" or "would have been verbing" for the then-clause.

Examples:
If he were leaving, we would go too. (but neither is true)
Were he coming, I would wait. (but neither is true)
We would not have left if he had gone. (but neither is true)
If you had come, I would not have joined in. (but neither is true)

English and Latin Examples of Subjunctive Conditions

Future Ideal/Future Less Vivid/"Should-Would": present subjunctive in Latin
If you should leave, I would follow.
Si discedas, sequar.
If he were to go, they would too.
Si eat, quoque eant.

Present Ideal/Present Unreal/Present Contrary-to-Fact: imperfect subjunctive in Latin
Unless you were leaving, you would not be sad.
Nisi discederes, non esses maestus.
If she were running (ran), she would win.
Si ea curreret, vinceret.


Past Ideal/Past Unreal/Past Contrary-to-Fact: pluperfect subjunctive in Latin
If you had run, you would have won.
Si cucurrisses, vicisses.
Unless he had left, we would have left soon.
Nisi discessisset, mox discessissemus.

One may mix present and past unreal:

If he had come, we would see him now.
Si venisset, eum nunc videremus.

Section 444

This just shows that an imperfect subjunctive could be translated as pluperfect in the company of tum (a time expression). This is a situation which is similar to something I have mentioned before. Where we say "I have been doing this for a long time" Latin might use present tense and say "hoc iam pridem facio". The time expression ("iam pridem") affects the way the Latin speaker and audience think of the verb.

Ch. 41-42

HW: 41A 2,3,4,5,7 42A 2,8,10

41

Section 411

They are just showing you the difference between Latin and English when using the listed adjectives. Latin makes the adjectives agree with the noun; English has a noun and "of".

Examples:
At the end of the year
Extremo anno
In the middle of the road
In media via
The rest of the men
reliqui viri

Sections 412-414

Genitives and ablatives of description

They suggest using genitive with numbers, as this is common:

a group of six men
manus sex virorum
an army of two legions
exercitus duarum legionum

They suggest using genitive with genus (kind/sort) and modus (manner/sort):

a man of this sort
vir huiusmodi
soldiers of all kinds
milites omnium generum
women of every type
feminae cuiusque generis

Ablative of description is common with physical features and with temporary states of mind:

They were men of great height. {Don't use genitive even though it sounds genitive.
Illi erant magna statura.
She was a woman with beautiful hair.
Ea erat pulchris capillis.
He was of good cheer (i.e. happy). {Don't use genitive even though it sounds genitive.
Fuit bono animo.
I was in bad spirits.
Eram malo animo.

You can use either ablative or genitive to describe most personal abstract qualities such as bravery, wisdom, or faith:

a leader of great intelligence
dux magnae intellegentiae
a queen of similar wisdom
regina similis sapientiae
an enemy of extreme audacity
hostis extrema audacia(abl.)


Sections 415-16
Specific idiomatic constructions that are different in Latin and English.

Here are some translated examples:

He had never heard of you.
De te(abl.) numquam audiverat.
It is full of water.
Plenum est aquae/aqua(gen. or abl.).
They died of hunger.
Mortui sunt fame(abl.).
You are worthy of praise.
Dignus es laude(abl.).
We are going to the island of Sicily.
Imus ad insulam Siciliam (acc. = same case as "island", not gen.).
You think a lot of him.
Magni aestimas eum (acc.).
The battle of Pharsalus
Rephrased: The battle fought at Pharsalus
proelium ad Pharsalum factum
Alternatively rephrased: Pharsalian battle
Pharsalium proelium
They have deserved well of you.
Bene meriti sunt de vobis (abl.).
The war has reached such a point of madness that we no longer know why we are fighting.
Bellum eo iit insaniae(partitive gentitive with eo) ut iam nesciremus quare pugnaremus.

42 (Review)

Sections 421-423

Easy... just use genitive for the object of verbs of remembering and forgetting and use genitive for the charge with verbs that mean blame, accuse, charge, condemn, etc. and use genitive for the object of misereor.

Examples:
I forgot him.
Eius(gen.) oblitus sum.
I remember you.
Tui memini.
Remember us!
Memento nostri!
I accuse you of murder.
Te caedis(gen.) accuso.
They were being condemned for sedition/mutiny.
Damnabantur seditionis.
I pity the fool. (ala Mr. T)
Misereor stulti (gen.).


Section 424

Just a list of adjectives that often take a complementary genitive.

Ch. 40

HW: 40A 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 20

IMPERSONAL VERBS

Impersonal verbs are so called because they do not have a personal subjective in the nominative case. What is conceptually the subject will actually be in some other case in Latin.

Section 402

Verbs of Feeling with a genitive of the object of feeling and accusative of the subject.

miseret: +acc. of subject and +gen. of object.
Translate: (acc.) feels sorry/pity for (gen.).
Note: The literal translation (which is awkward and misleading in English) is: "It makes (acc.) feel sorry for (gen.)"

NOTE: If a pronoun is the genitive object, you must use the objective genitive forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri, or vestri.

Example:
Te mei miseret.
Literally: It makes you feel sorry for me.
Good English: You feel sorry/pity for me.
Me tui miseruit.
Literally: It made me feel sorry for you.
Good English: I felt sorry/pity for you.

Other verbs that work the same way are listed below. These verbs are all 2nd conjugation so the imperfect is -ebat, the perfect -uit (except taedet has pertaesum est), and the future is -ebit.

paenitet - (acc.) feels sorry/repentant for (gen.)
piget - (acc.) feels peeved/annoyed/irked/upset about/at (gen.)
pudet - (acc.) feels ashamed about (gen.)
taedet- (acc.) feels tired/bored about/of (gen.)

Examples:
Paenitet eos erroris.
They are sorry (repentant) about the mistake.
Mox taedebit Caesarem pugnandi.
Caesar will soon be tired of fighting.
Pudebat me filiae.
I was ashamed of my daughter.
Piget hunc virum nostri.
This man is peeved/annoyed with us.

Section 403

Impersonals that tend to take an infinitive.

Some take accusative subject and infinitive verb.

oportet - (acc.) ought to (inf.), it is (acc.)'s duty to (inf.)
decet- it befits (acc.) to (inf.), it is proper for (acc.) to (inf.)

I ought to leave. It is my duty to leave.
me discedere oportet.
It will befit him to win. It will be proper for him to win.
Decebit eum vincere.

Some take dative of interest for the person involved.

libet- it pleases (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) likes (inf.)
licet- it is permitted or allowed for (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) may (inf.)

It pleased us to build the city. We liked to build the city.
Libuit (or "libitum est") nobis urbem aedificare.
It is permitted for you all to go. You all may go.
Licet vobis ire.

Section 404

Verbs often used as impersonals.

iuvat: It pleases (acc.) to (inf.)
It pleases us to come. Nos venire iuvat.
placet: It pleases/is pleasing for (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It was pleasing for me to sail. I decided to sail.
Navigare mihi placuit.
videtur: It seems good/best to (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It seems best to him to stay. He decides to stay.
Manere ei videtur.

Many of the above impersonals may sometimes take an ut clause instead of acc./dat and inf.

Examples:
Iuvat ut adsis.
It is pleasing that you are here.
Placuit ut Catilina hostis rei publicae esset.
It was decided that Catiline was an enemy of the state.

These ut clauses are typically called substantive result clauses and they also occur with verbs that mean happen.

Accidit ut vincat. It happens that he is winning.
Factum est ut adesset. It happened that he was present.

Section 405

The book is confusing here so read my notes carefully.

First, interest (3rd sing. of intersum) is a synonym of re fert (also written as one word "refert"). Both verbs are used impersonally and mean "(something) is important to/for (someone)."

Here are the possible subjects: a neuter nominative singular pronoun (hoc, id, illud), an infinitive by itself, an infinitive with accusative subject, an ut clause (substantive clause of result as mentioned above), or an indirect/reported question.

In order to show how important (the degree of importance), you may use an adverb such as maxime (very) or minime (very little) or nihil (not all all) or a genitive of indefinite value (ch. 32) such as magni (a lot, much) or parvi (a little).

No matter what subject or degree is expressed the person(s) involved will be in the genitive case, even though it sounds more like a dative in English, unless the person is a personal pronoun for which see the note below.

EXAMPLES OF EACH KIND OF SUBJECT

Pronoun
This is very important to Caesar.
Hoc (nom.s.n.) Caesaris(gen.) maxime interest/refert.

Infinitive
Canere Romanorum nihil intererat/retulit.
Singing was not at all important to the Romans.

Accusative + infinitive
Eum ridere patris magni interest/refert.
It was quite important for his father that he was smiling.
or His smiling was of much importance to his father.

ut clause (substantive result)
It will be of little importance that he came.
Ut venerit parvi intererit/referet.

Indirect question
It is very inconsequential/unimportant whether she has left.
Minime/minimi interest/refert num ea discesserit?

Peronal Pronouns with interest/refert

If the person involved is to be expressed with a personal or reflexive pronoun, then you must use the ablative singular feminine of the possessive adjective: mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra. This is because it is meant to agree with the ablative singular femine re in refert. With interest the same construction is used by analogy.

EXAMPLES WITH PERSONAL PRONOUNS
This matters little to me.
Hoc mea parvi interest/refert.

The city's being built mattered a lot to us.
Urbem aedificari nostra magni interfuit/retulit.

Where I am going does not matter to you?
Refertne nihil tua quo eam? or Quo eam nihil refert tua?

Section 406

Warns you that you do not need a word for "it" as the subject of an impersonal infinitive.

E.g.
He says that he feels sorry about you.
Dicit se(acc. obj.) tui(gen.) miserere.
Literal translation of the Latin: He says that it* makes him feel sorry for you.
*There is not any word for the it in Latin. I have mentioned this before--impersonal verbs in Latin never have a real expressed subject only the vague understood "it" subject.

Also shows you how to make a command form of impersonal verbs with jussive subjunctive (since they cannot use imperatives).

E.g.
Do not feel sorry for me!
Ne mei te misereat!
Literally: Let it not make you feel sorry for me!
Do not be ashamed of us!
Ne nostri te pudeat!
Literally: Let it not make you ashamed of us!

Section 407

Notes that you may use a subjunctive in place of acc./dat. +inf. with the verbs licet, oportet, and necesse est.

E.g.
You must leave. It is necessary that you leave.
Necesse est discedas.
He ought to come with us. It is fitting that he come with us.
Oportet veniat nobiscum.
They may sing. It is permitted that they sing.
Licet canant.

Ch. 38 Extra Credit Sentences

Harry Perilstein
Quo lentius ambulo, eo melius video.

Eliza Liu
Quo plura edis, eo obesior fies.

Brett Giacco
Quo plura sumo, eo plura habeo.