Ch. 27 & 28

HW: 27A 1,3,9; 27B 7; 28A 1, 2, 3 (need double negative for positive); 28B 2

Since both 27 & 28 deal with relative clauses, here are some general comments on relative clauses.

They are typically introduced by a relative pronoun (qui, quae, quod). Sometimes a negative relative clause starts with the negative relative adverb "quin"--this is typically when the main clause is also negative. Normal relative clauses just have regular indicative verbs unless they are attracted to subjunctive in indirect discourse (see section 226 and blog notes on ch. 22). The relative pronoun will take its gender, number, and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) from its antecedent (the word it refers back to or describes), but its case will be based on its role in the relative clause.

Examples:
Is that the man whom you know?
Estne ille quem* scis?
*quem is masculine & singular agreeing with its antecedent ille, but it is accusative as the direct object of the relative clause, not nominative as ille.

Do you know the woman who is standing there?
Scisne feminam quae^ ibi stat*?
^quae is feminine & singular agreeing with its antecedent feminam, but it is nominative as the subject of the relative clause, not accusative as feminam.
*indicative

He knows that you know the girl who is approaching.
Scit puellam^ te novisse quae appropinquat/appropinquet*.
^quae is feminine & singular agreeing with its antecedent puellam, but it is nominative as the subject of the relative clause, not accusative as puellam.
*Here the verb in the normal relative clause may be attracted to subjunctive in the indirect statement.

Subjunctive Relative Clauses

Besides Normal Relative Clauses there are also other types that use a subjunctive verb (following sequence of tenses). One type is usually called a Relative Clause of Characteristic though your book calls it a Generic Relative Clause. This kind of clause describes a sort of thing/person. In English, there is not always an actual relative clause so you may have to rephrase it.
(See your grammar section 534 on Clauses of Characteristic)

Examples:
You are the man to call.
This means: You are the sort of man whom I should/would call./You are the sort of man whom I call.
Latin: Tu es quem vocem.

There was no one so mean.
This means: There was no one who would be so mean.
Latin: Nemo erat qui tam crudelis esset.
Note: This could also be done without a clause of characteristic, Nemo erat tam crudelis.

There are people with whom I would not live.
Latin: Sunt quibuscum non vivam. {Note: The Latin has no word for "people" because Latin relative clauses do not always need antecedents--quibus is in the masculine ablative plural which indicates a group of people.

Relative Final/Purpose Clauses
(See your grammar section 531.2)

These kinds of clauses and Relative Clauses of Result (below) are both in my opinion (and many others agree) varieties of Relative Clauses of Chracteristic (above).

As your book indicates Relative Purpose/Final Clauses are most commonly found with main verbs meaning things like send, leave, come, or choose. For such cases, it is far more common (though not 100% necessary as your book suggests) to have a purpose clause begin with a form of the relative pronoun (qui,quae,quod) instead of ut or ne. As with the Relative Clause of Characteristic, there may not be (and indeed almost never is) an actual relative clause in the corresponding English sentence. Note that the Latin relative pronoun can often be seen as representing ut + a form of is, ea, id.

Examples:
He is sending men to help.
Mittit qui adiuvent. (qui=ut ei)
Note: The Latin does not need a word like "viros" or "homines" as antecedent for qui.

We were left behind so that they would find us./...for them to find us.
Relicti sumus quos^ invenirent. (quos=ut nos)
^quos refers back to the understood subject of relicti sumus so there is no need for an "us" in Latin.

Latin can do some cool things with these kinds of clauses when they have no antecedent (see 273).

Examples:
I have something to say.
This means: I have (something) which I may say.
Latin: Habeo quod dicam. (quod=aliquid quod)

There is nowhere to go.
This means: There is (no place) whither I may go.
Latin: Non est quo eam. (quo=ullus locus quo)

Was there someone to help?
This means: Was there (someone) who might help?
This means: Eratne qui adiuvaret? (qui=aliquis qui)

Comparative Relative Clauses of Purpose

If there is a comparative in the relative clause of purpose, use the ablative neuter form "quo" to begin the relative clause. It is an ablative of means, measure, or cause (depending on how you look at it).

I sent you immediately so as to tell him more quickly.
This means: I sent you immediately by which (i.e. by means of the fact that I sent you immediately) you would would tell him more quickly.
Misi te quo ei (dative) celerius diceres.

They walked quickly so as to make the journey shorter.
This means: They walked quickly by means of which they might make the journey shorter.
Celeriter ambulabant quo iter brevius facerent.

Relative Result/Consecutive Clauses and Relative Clauses of Characteristic
(See your grammar section 537.2)

As with other result clauses, so here the subjunctive verb's tense need not follow the sequence of tenses but should rather mimic the tense of the verb in English. Again as with Relative Clauses of Purpose the relative pronoun will act in the place of ut + a form of is, ea, id (quod=ut id, quibus=ut eis, quem=ut eum). Most of what your book describes as Consecutive Relative Clauses (or Relative Clauses of Result) are better understood simply as Relative Clauses of Characteristic.

Examples:
Who is so strong as to lift a mountain?
This means: Who is so strong that he lifts mountains?
Latin: Quis est tam fortis qui montes tollat?

Marcia was the sort of woman that/whom all the men loved.
Marcia erat ea (nom.s.f.) quam omnes viri amarent.

There will be some who may/will dislike it. (...to whom it may be displeasing.)
Erunt quibus id non placeat.

Negative Relative Clauses of Result After a Negative Main Verb

Use quin (contraction of adverbial ablative qui + negative ne) in place of qui, quae, quod + non.

There will be nothing that he does not try.*
Latin: Nihil erit quin temptet.
*i.e. He will try absolutely everything.

The commander sent no one who did not fight well.
Imperator neminem misit quin bene pugnaret.