HW 58-9
HW: Add one more English sentence to the passage in quotations below, and then translate the whole passage into oratio obliqua (indirect discourse) after "Dicebat" ("he was saying" where he is the speaker of the original quote).
"How wise he is! If he were king, we would all be happier. Don't you think so? Speak now, tell me. If you do not, then I will fight you since you dishonor (i.e. injure) his reputation. Because you still do not answer, I have decided that you must be killed...(add your own final sentence here)"
Start with "Dicebat" and then translate the above passage and your sentence into Latin indirect discourse following the rules outlined below and in chapters 58 and 59 of your textbook.
ORATIO OBLIQUA
This fancy term means the same as indirect discourse. It is used to refer to how sentences are changed in Latin when they go into indirect speech, question, or command---typically when the main clause is a past tense (or historical present) and the main subject is usually 3rd person. Note that oratio obliqua is most common in long narrative passages of prose such as reported historical descriptions. Sometimes such passages do not even have a main verb, the whole passage is understood to be in indirect discourse.
Notes on changes in oratio obliqua (cf. sect. 582)
1. Pronoun changes
a. 1st person pronouns ego (me) & nos change to sui, sibi, se, se, and meus & noster to suus.
b. 2nd person pronouns become 3rd person, often a form of ille (Vocatives may also change to 3rd person.)
c. 3rd person pronouns may be is or hic to avoid confusion.
Examples:
Original: "I saw you there with him."
Indirect/Reported/Oratio Obliqua: He said that he had seen that man with this one.
Latin: Dixit se(=I) illum(=you) cum eo(=him) vidisse.
Original: "We will come to see you after we meet her."
Indirect/Reported/Oratio Obliqua: He said that he and his companions would come to see that man after they met this woman.
Latin: Dixit se et comites suos illum (virum) visum venturos esse postquam huic feminae occurrissent.
2. Tense Changes
If the original statement had primary (present/future) tenses, they must show correct relative time with past main verb and thus subjunctives become either imperfect (for original present), pluperfect (for any original past tense), or imperfect plus the future active particple (for orginal future). Latin infinitives in indirect statement show ONLY relative time and thus do NOT change tenses depending on the main verb.
Examples:
"They are coming and will kill you because you are hurting him.
He said that they were coming and would kill that man because he was hurting this one.
Dixit eos venire(pres. = same time) et illum interfecturos esse(fut. = later time) quod ei noceret (impf. subj. = same time in secondary sequence).
3. Changes in demonstratives and adverbs
In Oratio Obliqua, this, here, and now type words change to that, there, and then type words.
Examples:
"This is the best man here."
Everyone thought that that/he was the best man there.
Omnes putabant eum/illum esse illic/ibi optimum.
"Now is the time."
He said that then/that was the time.
Dixit tum/illud esse tempus.
NOTE THE CHARTS FOR TENSES AND FOR ADVERB/DEMONSTRATIVE CHANGES IN 582
INDIRECT STATEMENT REVIEW AND NOTES
Indirect questions and commands uses normal nominative subjects and subjunctive verbs following sequence of tenses; indirect statement uses an accusative subject (which must be stated even when the same as the subject of the main verb) and infinitive verbs.
Here is another chart for infinitives in indirect statement:
Original verb tense } infinitive tense
present (e.g. facio) } present (e.g. facere)
any past (e.g. mutatus erat) } perfect (e.g. mutatum esse)
future (aget) } future (acturum esse)
Examples:
"I myself am great."
He said that he himself was great.
Dixit se ipsum esse magnum.
COMMANDS IN ORATIO OBLIQUA
Use imperfect jussive subjunctive in place of imperative. Note the subject changes as above indicated from 2nd to 3rd person.
Examples:
"Come quickly."
(He said) let them come quickly. ...that they should come quickly.
(Dixit) venirent celeriter.
QUESTIONS IN ORATIO OBLIQUA
If rhetorical (most questions that are not in 2nd person), questions use accusative and infinitive as they are really statements. If a real question expecting an answer, use indirect question with subjunctive verb. For your purposes, you may simply use indirect question for original 2nd person, and acc. + inf. for 1st and 3rd person questions.
Examples:
"Why are you waiting? The time is here is it not?"
He shouted why were they waiting, was it not the time.
Clamavit quare illi expectarent, nonne illud/id tempus esse.
"What are you (all) saying? This cannot be true, can it?"
(He asked) what were they saying, that could not be true, could it.
(Rogavit) quid illi dicerent, num id/illud verum esse.
EXCLAMATIONS
Exclamations in oratio obliqua follow the acc. and inf. construction like statements.
Examples:
"How large it is!"
"What a day this has been!"
(They exclaimed) how large it was. / what (kind of) a day it/that had been.
(Clamaverunt) quantum esse. / qualem diem fuisse.
SUI, SIBI, SE, SE, AND SUUS
These reflexives may refer either to the indirect statement's subject or the main clause subject if there is no ambiguity. Otherwise ipse may be used to provide emphasis for a internal reflexive in indirect statement.
59 SUBOBLIQUE CLAUSES
This chapter deals with specific changes to subordinate clauses in indirect discourse (oratio obliqua).
Generally they take a subjunctive verb following sequence of tenses even if they originally had an indicative verb.
592 IF AND WHEN
Below is a chart for changes to verbs in if (si) and when (cum/quando/ubi) clauses, note this applies ONLY TO THE VERB OF THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE. The main clause becomes acc. and inf. indirect statement.
Original indicative } new subjunctive
future (cupies) } imperfect (cupires)
future perfect (egero) } pluperfect (egissem)
593 & 594 WHEN TO USE SUBOBLIQUE SUBJUNCTIVES
Use them inside of indirect discourse and even when there is no indirect discourse but the clause indicates the thought of the main clause subject.
Example:
He left because he wanted to go home.
Discessit quod vellet domum ire.
595 ALLEGED CLAUSES
If the writer/speaker wants to disavow responsibility for whether a statement is factual. That is the author doubts the truth to some extent.
They went to the town where (they thought) he was.
Ierunt ad oppidum ubi adesset.
596 SUBJUNCTIVE CONDITIONS IN SUBOBLIQUE
The if clauses usually remain the same as originally. The main or then clauses turn into indirect statements with acc. and inf.
Chart on changes to main clause verbs in subjunctive conditions
Original subjunctive } new infinitive
present (sit) } future (futurum esse)
imperfect (faceret) } future participle + fuisse (facturum fuisse)
pluperfect (habuissent) } future participle + fuisse (habituros fuisse)
For passive future infinitives use fore (or "futurum esse") + ut (subj.). For passive of the facturum fuisse type construction use futurum fuisse ut (subj.).
Examples:
I said that that would be done. ...it was going to be that that be done.
Dixi futurum esse ut illud fieret.
They believed that he would have been killed. ...it had been going to be that he be killed.
Crediderunt futurum fuisse ut interficeretur.
Monday, December 6, 2010
Friday, December 3, 2010
Ch. 57
HW: 57A 2-8, 57B 4
FURTHER POINTS ON CONDITIONS
Section 571
When we say "could have", "ought to have", "should have", or "might have", Latin will make the main modal/helping verb perfect and use a present infinitive.
Examples:
He could/might have helped. {possibility
Potuit adiuvare.
You ought to have come./You should have come. {suitability, obligation
Debuisti venire.
Venire te(acc. subj. of inf.) oportuit.
Tibi(dat. of agent) veniendum fuit.
Section 572
The above constructions may be used in the main clause of a past contrary-to-fact (past ideal) condition. Normally these conditions require a pluperfect subjuntive in both clauses but the above constructions in the indicative imply the same kind of situation as a normal verb in the subjunctive.
Examples:
We could have won if you(pl.) had helped us.
Vincere potuimus si nobis succurrissetis.
They ought to have been praised if they had fought.
Debuerunt laudari si pugnavissent.
Eos laudari oportuit...
Laudandi fuerunt...
Section 573
In Latin, a si clause with a present or imperfect subjunctive (following sequence of tenses) is used to represent the same situation as we have in an English clause beginning "to see if", "in case", "in hope". All of these deal with the hope or expectation of some possible event. In Latin, such clauses often occur after verbs that indicate waiting for, expecting, or trying to do something.
Examples:
I waited in the hope of your coming (gerund). ...of you coming(participle).
I waited in case you would come. ...you came.
Rephrased Closer to Latin: I waited (to see) if you were coming.
Expectabam si venires (impf. subj.).
They will try in the hope of crossing the river.
They will try in case they may cross the river.
Rephrased Closer to Latin: They will try (to see) if they may cross the river.
Conabuntur si flumen transeant (pres. subj.).
Section 574
"Than if" and "as...as if" may both be translated with quam si. If so, the verb of the si clause will fit whatever kind of condition you have, sometimes subjunctive and sometimes indicative. Other expressions meaning "as if" include "ac si" or "perinde ac si", and they follow the same rules.
THAN IF = Quam si
It is better than if we were there. (present contrary to fact)
Melius est quam si ibi essemus(impf. subj.).
AS..AS IF = Tam...quam si
We ran as quickly as if a dragon had chased us. (past contrary to fact)
Tam celeriter cucurrimus quam si draco nos persecutus esset (plup. subj.).
*Note similar constructions such as tot...quot si are possible.
AS IF = (perinde) ac si
He spoke as if he will/would be the next consul. (future more vivid/future less vivid)
Dixit (perinde) ac si proximus consul erit(fut. ind.)/sit(pres. subj.).
Tamquam (literally "so much as") and quasi (a contraction of quam si) may also translate "as if", but the verb will always be subjunctive following sequence of tenses.
Examples:
You are acting as if you are king.
Agis quasi/tamquam rex sis.
We were building the walls as if we had not heard that the enemy was approaching.
Muros aedificabamus quasi/tamquam non audivissemus hostes advenire.
FURTHER POINTS ON CONDITIONS
Section 571
When we say "could have", "ought to have", "should have", or "might have", Latin will make the main modal/helping verb perfect and use a present infinitive.
Examples:
He could/might have helped. {possibility
Potuit adiuvare.
You ought to have come./You should have come. {suitability, obligation
Debuisti venire.
Venire te(acc. subj. of inf.) oportuit.
Tibi(dat. of agent) veniendum fuit.
Section 572
The above constructions may be used in the main clause of a past contrary-to-fact (past ideal) condition. Normally these conditions require a pluperfect subjuntive in both clauses but the above constructions in the indicative imply the same kind of situation as a normal verb in the subjunctive.
Examples:
We could have won if you(pl.) had helped us.
Vincere potuimus si nobis succurrissetis.
They ought to have been praised if they had fought.
Debuerunt laudari si pugnavissent.
Eos laudari oportuit...
Laudandi fuerunt...
Section 573
In Latin, a si clause with a present or imperfect subjunctive (following sequence of tenses) is used to represent the same situation as we have in an English clause beginning "to see if", "in case", "in hope". All of these deal with the hope or expectation of some possible event. In Latin, such clauses often occur after verbs that indicate waiting for, expecting, or trying to do something.
Examples:
I waited in the hope of your coming (gerund). ...of you coming(participle).
I waited in case you would come. ...you came.
Rephrased Closer to Latin: I waited (to see) if you were coming.
Expectabam si venires (impf. subj.).
They will try in the hope of crossing the river.
They will try in case they may cross the river.
Rephrased Closer to Latin: They will try (to see) if they may cross the river.
Conabuntur si flumen transeant (pres. subj.).
Section 574
"Than if" and "as...as if" may both be translated with quam si. If so, the verb of the si clause will fit whatever kind of condition you have, sometimes subjunctive and sometimes indicative. Other expressions meaning "as if" include "ac si" or "perinde ac si", and they follow the same rules.
THAN IF = Quam si
It is better than if we were there. (present contrary to fact)
Melius est quam si ibi essemus(impf. subj.).
AS..AS IF = Tam...quam si
We ran as quickly as if a dragon had chased us. (past contrary to fact)
Tam celeriter cucurrimus quam si draco nos persecutus esset (plup. subj.).
*Note similar constructions such as tot...quot si are possible.
AS IF = (perinde) ac si
He spoke as if he will/would be the next consul. (future more vivid/future less vivid)
Dixit (perinde) ac si proximus consul erit(fut. ind.)/sit(pres. subj.).
Tamquam (literally "so much as") and quasi (a contraction of quam si) may also translate "as if", but the verb will always be subjunctive following sequence of tenses.
Examples:
You are acting as if you are king.
Agis quasi/tamquam rex sis.
We were building the walls as if we had not heard that the enemy was approaching.
Muros aedificabamus quasi/tamquam non audivissemus hostes advenire.
Wednesday, December 1, 2010
Final Project or Exam-Your Choice
Instead of a usual in class exam on the last day of class, you may choose to do a creative composition project.
FINAL PROJECT- Latin 201
Translate a short story (or part of one) into Latin. The story may be your own or be taken from a book or play or whatever. You must do this on your own. No specific help from classmates. You have to include the full English version with your Latin translation.
In the Latin translation you must correctly employ 5 grammatical constructions from chapters 47-59 and 10 more from anywhere else in your textbook or your Latin grammar book (Allen and Greenough). You should footnote each Latin grammatical construction; name it and give the section number in your textbook or in Allen and Greenough. All 15 constructions should be taken from 15 separate sections of your book (or Allen and Greenough). Two constructions from the same section only count once. My example story uses 8 separate sections from ch. 47-59 and 23 other separate sections, a total of 31 constructions, more than twice what I am asking of you.
FINAL PROJECT- Latin 201
Translate a short story (or part of one) into Latin. The story may be your own or be taken from a book or play or whatever. You must do this on your own. No specific help from classmates. You have to include the full English version with your Latin translation.
In the Latin translation you must correctly employ 5 grammatical constructions from chapters 47-59 and 10 more from anywhere else in your textbook or your Latin grammar book (Allen and Greenough). You should footnote each Latin grammatical construction; name it and give the section number in your textbook or in Allen and Greenough. All 15 constructions should be taken from 15 separate sections of your book (or Allen and Greenough). Two constructions from the same section only count once. My example story uses 8 separate sections from ch. 47-59 and 23 other separate sections, a total of 31 constructions, more than twice what I am asking of you.
ch. 55-56
HW: 55A 2,3,5,8 56A 1,2,4,7
CAUSAL CLAUSES, Ch. 55
This is mostly review with some new material.
PARTICIPLE NOTES
Participles can show causal relationships. This is more common in Latin than in English.
Examples:
The man left because the town was destroyed.
Rephrased: The man left, the town having been destroyed.
Vir discessit, oppido deleto.
Because the ship was approaching, I walked towards the sea.
The ship approaching, I walked towards the sea.
Nave appropinquante, ad mare ambulabam.
MOOD OF VERBS IN CAUSAL CLAUSES
The quod, quia, and quoniam clauses typically have an indicative mood verb in classical Latin, while cum clauses will always have a subjunctive verb.
This rule applies unless, as section 552 indicates, the causal clause is sub-oblique. Sub-oblique is a fancy term for clauses that are included in some kind of indirect (reported) discourse, that is, any subordinate clause in an indirect statement, question, or command.
They give you a good example in 552 of a causal clause stated as ACTUAL FACT (i) and a causal clause stated as IMPLIED THOUGHT/SPEECH (ii). Here are some other examples:
He wanted you to leave because you were ready.
Ille te discedere voluit quod eras(indic.) paratus.
*Causal clause here is meant to show simple fact.
He wanted you to leave because you are awful. ...on the grounds that...
*Causal clause here represents the thought of the subject.
Ille te discedere voluit quod esses(subj.) dirus.
Sometimes the causal clause may be understood either way and you can choose indicative (simple factual cause) or subjunctive (implied thought about cause) for the quod/quia/quoniam clause.
NEGATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE REASONS, ...not because X...but because Y
From section 553.
Use non quod/quo...sed quia:
I left not because you were coming but because I had to go home.
Discessi non quod veniebas sed quia necesse mihi erat domum ire.
RELATIVE Causal Clauses
Section 554
Relative Clauses can depict a causal relationship. In Latin these will often have the adverb quippe in front of the relative pronoun, and the verb of the relative clause is typically subjunctive (you should always use subjunctive).
Examples:
Those men received money because they had built the house.
Those who had built the house received money.
Ei (quippe) qui domum aedificavissent pecuniam acceperunt.
The women, since they were wise, knew there was trouble.
Rephrased: The women, who were wise, knew there was trouble.
Feminae (quippe) quae sapientes essent noverant periculum adesse.
QUOD and THAT
Section 556
The causal conjunctions quod, quia, cum (quom), and quoniam (quom iam) are all constructed from Latin pronouns (compare qui,quae,quod) just like our conjunction "that" which is made from the demonstrative pronoun "that". Note the following examples to illustrate similarity:
I am upset that he has left.
Rephrased: I am upset because he has left. {Means the same as above.
Latin: Me piget quod discessit.
He is happy that we are sailing.
Rephrased: He is happy because we are sailing.
Latin: Gaudet quod navigamus.
It turns out well that you are going.
It turns out well because you are going.
Bene accidit quod is. {The quod clause is actually acting as the subject of accidit.
Note that quod in some such instances and elsewhere in Latin is often translated "the fact that."
EMPHASIZING THE REASON
Section 555
You may emphasize the reason in English by putting "because" early in the sentence. Usually this position is also emphatic in Latin with quod and quia clauses, but early position is normal for cum and quoniam clauses as it is with "since" in English.
Because you are so nice, I will help you.
Quod tam mitis es, te adiuvabo.
It was because you left, that he hated you.
Quia discesseras, te oderat.
English and Latin may both use words or phrases of various kinds to emphasize the reason.
In English we may say things like "exactly because" or "especially since", and we may even emphasize the reason so much that the main clause is tiny in comparison.
It is for precisely this reason that the war has gone on for too many years.
In Latin, common words or phrases added to the main clause to signpost or emphasize the reason include: ideo, idcirco, propterea, ea causa (abl. of cause).
Examples:
He left for this reason because he hates you with all his heart.
Ideo discessit quod te toto pectore odit.
For this very reason he is coming because he wants to.
Ipsa causa venit quod vult.
CONCESSIONS, Ch. 56
Concession clauses in English typically start with although, even though, even if, or however. The main clause is occasionally marked by a word like still or nevertheless.
You might remind yourself of the subjunctive cum clauses of concession (sect. 461) even though they are not really covered here. In Latin the main clause in a sentence with a concession clause might have tamen or nihilominus.
As with causal clauses, participles may be used to represent a concessive clause.
Example:
Having defeated the enemy, he still could not forget that his friends had been killed.
Hostibus victis, tamen non potuit oblivisci amicos interfectos esse.
Summary
As your book rightly emphasizes you may concede a fact or an imagined possibility.
1. Fact
In Latin use quamquam, etsi, tametsi + indicative verb (or cum + subjunctive, see s. 461) for the concessive clause.
Examples:
Although you are king (a fact), you must obey the laws.
Quamquam rex es, legibus a te parendum est.
Etsi rex es,...
Though he is here (a fact), I do not see him.
Tametsi adest, eum non video.
2. Possibility
In Latin use etsi, etiam si, quamvis (usually with following adj. or adv.), or licet + subjunctive verb for the concessive clause.
Examples:
Even if you had not won (an imagined, unreal situation), I would still love you.
Etsi non vicisses, tamen te amarem.
Licet non vicisses, ...
However strong you are (accounting for any possibility), you will not break the chains.
Quamvis validus sis, catenas non franges.
RELATIVE
A relative clause may have a concessive meaning if the verb is subjunctive, as always the main clause may be marked in Latin by tamen/nihilominus.
He sent the soldiers who were not ready.
Rephrased: He sent the soldiers although they were not ready.
Milites qui parati non essent (nihilominus) misit.
CAUSAL CLAUSES, Ch. 55
This is mostly review with some new material.
PARTICIPLE NOTES
Participles can show causal relationships. This is more common in Latin than in English.
Examples:
The man left because the town was destroyed.
Rephrased: The man left, the town having been destroyed.
Vir discessit, oppido deleto.
Because the ship was approaching, I walked towards the sea.
The ship approaching, I walked towards the sea.
Nave appropinquante, ad mare ambulabam.
MOOD OF VERBS IN CAUSAL CLAUSES
The quod, quia, and quoniam clauses typically have an indicative mood verb in classical Latin, while cum clauses will always have a subjunctive verb.
This rule applies unless, as section 552 indicates, the causal clause is sub-oblique. Sub-oblique is a fancy term for clauses that are included in some kind of indirect (reported) discourse, that is, any subordinate clause in an indirect statement, question, or command.
They give you a good example in 552 of a causal clause stated as ACTUAL FACT (i) and a causal clause stated as IMPLIED THOUGHT/SPEECH (ii). Here are some other examples:
He wanted you to leave because you were ready.
Ille te discedere voluit quod eras(indic.) paratus.
*Causal clause here is meant to show simple fact.
He wanted you to leave because you are awful. ...on the grounds that...
*Causal clause here represents the thought of the subject.
Ille te discedere voluit quod esses(subj.) dirus.
Sometimes the causal clause may be understood either way and you can choose indicative (simple factual cause) or subjunctive (implied thought about cause) for the quod/quia/quoniam clause.
NEGATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE REASONS, ...not because X...but because Y
From section 553.
Use non quod/quo...sed quia:
I left not because you were coming but because I had to go home.
Discessi non quod veniebas sed quia necesse mihi erat domum ire.
RELATIVE Causal Clauses
Section 554
Relative Clauses can depict a causal relationship. In Latin these will often have the adverb quippe in front of the relative pronoun, and the verb of the relative clause is typically subjunctive (you should always use subjunctive).
Examples:
Those men received money because they had built the house.
Those who had built the house received money.
Ei (quippe) qui domum aedificavissent pecuniam acceperunt.
The women, since they were wise, knew there was trouble.
Rephrased: The women, who were wise, knew there was trouble.
Feminae (quippe) quae sapientes essent noverant periculum adesse.
QUOD and THAT
Section 556
The causal conjunctions quod, quia, cum (quom), and quoniam (quom iam) are all constructed from Latin pronouns (compare qui,quae,quod) just like our conjunction "that" which is made from the demonstrative pronoun "that". Note the following examples to illustrate similarity:
I am upset that he has left.
Rephrased: I am upset because he has left. {Means the same as above.
Latin: Me piget quod discessit.
He is happy that we are sailing.
Rephrased: He is happy because we are sailing.
Latin: Gaudet quod navigamus.
It turns out well that you are going.
It turns out well because you are going.
Bene accidit quod is. {The quod clause is actually acting as the subject of accidit.
Note that quod in some such instances and elsewhere in Latin is often translated "the fact that."
EMPHASIZING THE REASON
Section 555
You may emphasize the reason in English by putting "because" early in the sentence. Usually this position is also emphatic in Latin with quod and quia clauses, but early position is normal for cum and quoniam clauses as it is with "since" in English.
Because you are so nice, I will help you.
Quod tam mitis es, te adiuvabo.
It was because you left, that he hated you.
Quia discesseras, te oderat.
English and Latin may both use words or phrases of various kinds to emphasize the reason.
In English we may say things like "exactly because" or "especially since", and we may even emphasize the reason so much that the main clause is tiny in comparison.
It is for precisely this reason that the war has gone on for too many years.
In Latin, common words or phrases added to the main clause to signpost or emphasize the reason include: ideo, idcirco, propterea, ea causa (abl. of cause).
Examples:
He left for this reason because he hates you with all his heart.
Ideo discessit quod te toto pectore odit.
For this very reason he is coming because he wants to.
Ipsa causa venit quod vult.
CONCESSIONS, Ch. 56
Concession clauses in English typically start with although, even though, even if, or however. The main clause is occasionally marked by a word like still or nevertheless.
You might remind yourself of the subjunctive cum clauses of concession (sect. 461) even though they are not really covered here. In Latin the main clause in a sentence with a concession clause might have tamen or nihilominus.
As with causal clauses, participles may be used to represent a concessive clause.
Example:
Having defeated the enemy, he still could not forget that his friends had been killed.
Hostibus victis, tamen non potuit oblivisci amicos interfectos esse.
Summary
As your book rightly emphasizes you may concede a fact or an imagined possibility.
1. Fact
In Latin use quamquam, etsi, tametsi + indicative verb (or cum + subjunctive, see s. 461) for the concessive clause.
Examples:
Although you are king (a fact), you must obey the laws.
Quamquam rex es, legibus a te parendum est.
Etsi rex es,...
Though he is here (a fact), I do not see him.
Tametsi adest, eum non video.
2. Possibility
In Latin use etsi, etiam si, quamvis (usually with following adj. or adv.), or licet + subjunctive verb for the concessive clause.
Examples:
Even if you had not won (an imagined, unreal situation), I would still love you.
Etsi non vicisses, tamen te amarem.
Licet non vicisses, ...
However strong you are (accounting for any possibility), you will not break the chains.
Quamvis validus sis, catenas non franges.
RELATIVE
A relative clause may have a concessive meaning if the verb is subjunctive, as always the main clause may be marked in Latin by tamen/nihilominus.
He sent the soldiers who were not ready.
Rephrased: He sent the soldiers although they were not ready.
Milites qui parati non essent (nihilominus) misit.
Monday, November 29, 2010
Ch. 54
HW: 54A 1,2,3,5,9,13,20 & then complete this Mad Lib style English sentence and translate it into Latin:
Choose a kind of person (sailor,poet,etc.): ________________
Then choose an abstract noun (love,justice,etc.): ___________________
Then choose an adverb (rightly,stupidly,etc.): _________________
Then choose a concrete noun (fire,ball, etc.): _________________
Now reverse this English sentence (you can use a mirror if you have trouble reading backwards) and fill in your chosen words; then translate into Latin.
.(__concrete noun__) *sih/reh fo deppirts (__adverb__ ) saw *eh/ehs tub ,(__person__) a deerf (__abstract noun__) htiw gnik ehT
*same as the person you chose
ABLATIVE USES
This is mostly review and vocabulary lists, but here are a few notes.
541
Ablative of manner usually has the preposition cum + an ablative of an abstract noun (love, patience, etc.)) but with a few words (see 542) or when there is an adjective with the ablative noun, the cum is not needed. In English we often translate ablative of manner with an adverb instead of a prepositional phrase.
Examples:
with love, lovingly
cum amore
with the highest praise
summa cum laude
or
summa laude
with patientice, patiently
cum patientia
542
You do not need a cum with these ablatives of manner.
543
This just lists the verbs (and one adjective "liber") that may take an ablative of separation as a complement to complete the meaning.
Left Out Ablative of Cause Again
Your book again fails to mention one common ablative use, ablative of cause. Any ablative (without a preposition) that may be translated with "because of (abl.)" could be an ablative of cause.
Choose a kind of person (sailor,poet,etc.): ________________
Then choose an abstract noun (love,justice,etc.): ___________________
Then choose an adverb (rightly,stupidly,etc.): _________________
Then choose a concrete noun (fire,ball, etc.): _________________
Now reverse this English sentence (you can use a mirror if you have trouble reading backwards) and fill in your chosen words; then translate into Latin.
.(__concrete noun__) *sih/reh fo deppirts (__adverb__ ) saw *eh/ehs tub ,(__person__) a deerf (__abstract noun__) htiw gnik ehT
*same as the person you chose
ABLATIVE USES
This is mostly review and vocabulary lists, but here are a few notes.
541
Ablative of manner usually has the preposition cum + an ablative of an abstract noun (love, patience, etc.)) but with a few words (see 542) or when there is an adjective with the ablative noun, the cum is not needed. In English we often translate ablative of manner with an adverb instead of a prepositional phrase.
Examples:
with love, lovingly
cum amore
with the highest praise
summa cum laude
or
summa laude
with patientice, patiently
cum patientia
542
You do not need a cum with these ablatives of manner.
543
This just lists the verbs (and one adjective "liber") that may take an ablative of separation as a complement to complete the meaning.
Left Out Ablative of Cause Again
Your book again fails to mention one common ablative use, ablative of cause. Any ablative (without a preposition) that may be translated with "because of (abl.)" could be an ablative of cause.
Monday, November 22, 2010
Ch. 52-3
HW: 52A 2,5,6,7; 53A 1,5,6,9
SOME, ANY, EACH/EVERY
In order to master the use of indefinite pronouns and indefinite adverbs you need to understand the different categories and the root words from which they are constructed. Indefinites are usually constructed from interrogative or relative forms.
Here are some interrogative/relative bases with their indefinite versions:
quis who} aliquis someone, quisque everyone/each, quisquam anyone
quid what} aliquid something, quidque/quicque everything/each, quidquam/quicquam anything
qui,quae,quod who/what/which} aliqui some, quique every/each
quantus how/as much} aliquantus somewhat/some amount
ubi* where/when} aliubi somewhere, ubique everywhere, ubiquam wherever
ut* how/as} aliut somehow, utique anyhow, utiquam in every way
*ut and ubi used to be cut(i)/quot(i), and cubi/quobi from the same stem as qui,quae,quod
quando when} aliquando sometime, quandoque whenever
quamdiu how/as long} aliquamdiu for some time, quamquamdiu for however long
quotiens how/as often} aliquotiens some/several times
Many other examples could be given. You should consult the chart in your Allen and Greenough Grammar Book section 217 which lists many different kinds of adverbs. I will also give you another similar chart in class. You must understand the logical relationship among these words if you want to use them correctly.
PREFIXES/SUFFIXES
ali- This prefix will be translated either as "some" or "any".
-dam This suffix will be translated as "some" or "certain". -dam is more specific than ali-.
-quam This suffix will typically mean "some" or "any" but will be used in negative clauses or when there is suggestion of doubt/uncertainty.
-vis This suffix literally means "you want" and should usually be translated "any" or "any -soever"
-que This suffix will be translated as "each" or more rarely "every"
-cumque This suffix will be translated as "-ever" or "-soever"
*Don't forget after si, nisi, num, and ne you should use quis, quid for anyone, anything.*
You may also double relative and interrogative words to make an indefinite:
cui = to whom, cuicui = to whomever
quem = whom, quemquem = whomever
quae = which, quaequae = whichever
quo = (to) where, quoquo = (to) wherever
ubi = when/where, ubiubi = whenever/wherever
ullus, ulla, ullum = any
nullus, nulla, nullum = no, none
nonnullus = not no one, nonnulli = not no people (some people)
complures, complura = several
IDIOMS
alius...alius
The first alius is "one" or "some", the second is "another" or "others."
Examples:
Alia femina venit, alia non.
One woman is coming, the other is not.
Alios vicit, alios fugavit.
He conquered some, he put the others to flight.
nescio quis (nescioquis), nescio quid (nescioquid)
Nescio means "I don't know", so literally nescioquid means "I don't know what" but it should be translated "something". Nescio may similarly be combined with other Latin words to make indefinite forms. Some Latin texts write nescio together with the following word, others don't.
Examples:
Nescioquis hoc fecit. Someone did this. (I'm not quite sure who, but someone did.)
Nescio cui nocuit. He harmed someone. (I do not know who it was though.)
Nescioquo iit. He has gone somewhere. (Don't ask me where I don't know.)
IDIOMATIC USAGE WITH EVERY (quisque)
In Latin the words for each (quisque,uterque) and every (quisque) are often used in idiomatic contexts with numbers, superlatives and reflexives.
Superlatives (note adjective comes first):
Fortissimus quisque = "every bravest man," which means "all the bravest men"
Ordinal numbers (number comes first):
Septimus quisque = "every seventh person," which means "one in seven"
Reflexives referring to quisque/uterque are usually placed directly before:
Se quisque adiuvat. Each/every man helps himself.
Sua cuique... To each his own...
NO RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
Latin has no reciprocal pronoun ("each other" or "one another" in English), so they have to use inter + reflexive pronoun.
Examples:
They helped each other.
Rephrased: They helped among/between themselves.
Inter se adiuverunt.
We spoke to one another.
Rephrased: We spoke among/between ourselves.
Inter nos locuti sumus.
INDEFINITE RELATIVE CLAUSES (-ever, -soever)
Often these clauses will begin with a -cumque form or a doubled form like quemquem, quisquis, or quoquo, but regular relatives are also ok. Even though these are generalizing, they will use indicative verbs. Compare the cum clause "whenever" with an indicative verb (s. 464). If possible, follow the tense suggestions given in the cum clause section for "whenever".
Examples:
Whenever (as oftens as) he came, we went to the shop.
Quotiens venerat (plup.), ad tabernam iimus.
Wherever you go (or "have gone"), there I will be too.
Quoquo ieris (fut. perf.), ibi quoque adero.
Whatever you do, I am your friend.
Quidquid fecisti(perf.), sum amicus tuus.
SI + INDEFINITE PRONOUN/ADVERB = INDEFINITE RELATIVE
Finally, as they say in 535 si + an interrogative may be translated as an indefinite relative.
Examples:
si quid scis, narra mihi.
If you know anything, tell me.
Rephrased as relative: Tell me whatever you know.
Si quo ibis, te sequar.
If you go anywhere, I will follow.
Rephrased as relative: I will follow wherever you go.
SOME, ANY, EACH/EVERY
In order to master the use of indefinite pronouns and indefinite adverbs you need to understand the different categories and the root words from which they are constructed. Indefinites are usually constructed from interrogative or relative forms.
Here are some interrogative/relative bases with their indefinite versions:
quis who} aliquis someone, quisque everyone/each, quisquam anyone
quid what} aliquid something, quidque/quicque everything/each, quidquam/quicquam anything
qui,quae,quod who/what/which} aliqui some, quique every/each
quantus how/as much} aliquantus somewhat/some amount
ubi* where/when} aliubi somewhere, ubique everywhere, ubiquam wherever
ut* how/as} aliut somehow, utique anyhow, utiquam in every way
*ut and ubi used to be cut(i)/quot(i), and cubi/quobi from the same stem as qui,quae,quod
quando when} aliquando sometime, quandoque whenever
quamdiu how/as long} aliquamdiu for some time, quamquamdiu for however long
quotiens how/as often} aliquotiens some/several times
Many other examples could be given. You should consult the chart in your Allen and Greenough Grammar Book section 217 which lists many different kinds of adverbs. I will also give you another similar chart in class. You must understand the logical relationship among these words if you want to use them correctly.
PREFIXES/SUFFIXES
ali- This prefix will be translated either as "some" or "any".
-dam This suffix will be translated as "some" or "certain". -dam is more specific than ali-.
-quam This suffix will typically mean "some" or "any" but will be used in negative clauses or when there is suggestion of doubt/uncertainty.
-vis This suffix literally means "you want" and should usually be translated "any" or "any -soever"
-que This suffix will be translated as "each" or more rarely "every"
-cumque This suffix will be translated as "-ever" or "-soever"
*Don't forget after si, nisi, num, and ne you should use quis, quid for anyone, anything.*
You may also double relative and interrogative words to make an indefinite:
cui = to whom, cuicui = to whomever
quem = whom, quemquem = whomever
quae = which, quaequae = whichever
quo = (to) where, quoquo = (to) wherever
ubi = when/where, ubiubi = whenever/wherever
ullus, ulla, ullum = any
nullus, nulla, nullum = no, none
nonnullus = not no one, nonnulli = not no people (some people)
complures, complura = several
IDIOMS
alius...alius
The first alius is "one" or "some", the second is "another" or "others."
Examples:
Alia femina venit, alia non.
One woman is coming, the other is not.
Alios vicit, alios fugavit.
He conquered some, he put the others to flight.
nescio quis (nescioquis), nescio quid (nescioquid)
Nescio means "I don't know", so literally nescioquid means "I don't know what" but it should be translated "something". Nescio may similarly be combined with other Latin words to make indefinite forms. Some Latin texts write nescio together with the following word, others don't.
Examples:
Nescioquis hoc fecit. Someone did this. (I'm not quite sure who, but someone did.)
Nescio cui nocuit. He harmed someone. (I do not know who it was though.)
Nescioquo iit. He has gone somewhere. (Don't ask me where I don't know.)
IDIOMATIC USAGE WITH EVERY (quisque)
In Latin the words for each (quisque,uterque) and every (quisque) are often used in idiomatic contexts with numbers, superlatives and reflexives.
Superlatives (note adjective comes first):
Fortissimus quisque = "every bravest man," which means "all the bravest men"
Ordinal numbers (number comes first):
Septimus quisque = "every seventh person," which means "one in seven"
Reflexives referring to quisque/uterque are usually placed directly before:
Se quisque adiuvat. Each/every man helps himself.
Sua cuique... To each his own...
NO RECIPROCAL PRONOUN
Latin has no reciprocal pronoun ("each other" or "one another" in English), so they have to use inter + reflexive pronoun.
Examples:
They helped each other.
Rephrased: They helped among/between themselves.
Inter se adiuverunt.
We spoke to one another.
Rephrased: We spoke among/between ourselves.
Inter nos locuti sumus.
INDEFINITE RELATIVE CLAUSES (-ever, -soever)
Often these clauses will begin with a -cumque form or a doubled form like quemquem, quisquis, or quoquo, but regular relatives are also ok. Even though these are generalizing, they will use indicative verbs. Compare the cum clause "whenever" with an indicative verb (s. 464). If possible, follow the tense suggestions given in the cum clause section for "whenever".
Examples:
Whenever (as oftens as) he came, we went to the shop.
Quotiens venerat (plup.), ad tabernam iimus.
Wherever you go (or "have gone"), there I will be too.
Quoquo ieris (fut. perf.), ibi quoque adero.
Whatever you do, I am your friend.
Quidquid fecisti(perf.), sum amicus tuus.
SI + INDEFINITE PRONOUN/ADVERB = INDEFINITE RELATIVE
Finally, as they say in 535 si + an interrogative may be translated as an indefinite relative.
Examples:
si quid scis, narra mihi.
If you know anything, tell me.
Rephrased as relative: Tell me whatever you know.
Si quo ibis, te sequar.
If you go anywhere, I will follow.
Rephrased as relative: I will follow wherever you go.
Friday, November 19, 2010
Ch. 51
HW: 51A 1-8
Idioms of Preventing/Hindering (See your Allen and Greenough Grammar section 558)
Section 511
We usually show prevention in English with "from" and a gerund or participle.
Examples: I hindered them from dancing. You prevent me from keeping the gold.
However, Latin will use either an infinitive clause or a subjunctive clause of prevention. Prohibeo, non dubito, and non recuso may be followed by an infinitive or a subjunctive clause of prevention.
I prevent you from leaving.
Either: Prohibeo te discedere.
Or: Prohibeo te ne (or "quo minus") discedas*.
*Present subjunctive shows slightly later time in primary sequence.
I didn't hesitate to speak.
Either: Non dubitavi loqui.
Or: Non dubitavi quin loquerer*.
*Imperfect subjunctive shows slightly later time in secondary sequence.
Otherwise all the verb of preventing and restraining mentioned in 511 should be followed by a subjunctive clause of prevention. Clauses of prevention are constructed similar to purpose (final) clauses and use sequence of tenses.
Section 512
Use quo minus or ne to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a positive main clause.
He restrained everyone from going.
Rephrased: He restrained everyone so that they would not go.
Omnes retinuit quo minus (or "ne") irent (impf. subj.).
You will hinder me from singing.
Rephrased: You will hinder me so that I may not sing.
Impedies me ne (or "quo minus") canam (pres. subj.).
Use quo minus or quin to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a negative main clause. (Thus quo minus works in all cases.)
You all had not deterred the enemy from attacking.
Rephrased: You all had not deterred the enemy so that they would not attack.
Hostes non deterruistis quin (or "quo minus") oppugnarent.
I did not refrain from running.
Rephrased: I did not refrain (for myself) so that I would not run.
Non temperabam mihi quin currrerem.
Section 513
Two special impersonal idioms here... Since they are impersonal, the verbs (stare/abesse) must always be in the 3rd sing. "it" form in Latin.
IDIOM 1
per (acc. of person/thing) stare
Literal translation of the Latin: to stand/exist because of (acc.)
Rephrased to better English: to be the fault of (acc.) / to be due to (acc.)
Examples:
It was his fault we could not leave.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It stood because of him that we could not leave.
Per eum stetit quo minus discedere possemus.
Our failure to reach the island will be due to you.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It will stand because of you that we may not reach the island.
Per te stabit quo minus ad insulam perveniamus.
IDIOM 2
non multum abesse / haud procul abesse
to be not far (from) / to be by no means far off (from)
Rephrased closer to English: to almost happen / to nearly occur
Examples:
I nearly won.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It was not far from that I should win.
Non multum afuit quin (or "quo minus") vincerem.
Our country is close to being destroyed.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It is by no means far off from that our country may be destroyed.
Haud procul abest quin (or "quo minus") patria nostra deleatur.
Idioms of Preventing/Hindering (See your Allen and Greenough Grammar section 558)
Section 511
We usually show prevention in English with "from" and a gerund or participle.
Examples: I hindered them from dancing. You prevent me from keeping the gold.
However, Latin will use either an infinitive clause or a subjunctive clause of prevention. Prohibeo, non dubito, and non recuso may be followed by an infinitive or a subjunctive clause of prevention.
I prevent you from leaving.
Either: Prohibeo te discedere.
Or: Prohibeo te ne (or "quo minus") discedas*.
*Present subjunctive shows slightly later time in primary sequence.
I didn't hesitate to speak.
Either: Non dubitavi loqui.
Or: Non dubitavi quin loquerer*.
*Imperfect subjunctive shows slightly later time in secondary sequence.
Otherwise all the verb of preventing and restraining mentioned in 511 should be followed by a subjunctive clause of prevention. Clauses of prevention are constructed similar to purpose (final) clauses and use sequence of tenses.
Section 512
Use quo minus or ne to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a positive main clause.
He restrained everyone from going.
Rephrased: He restrained everyone so that they would not go.
Omnes retinuit quo minus (or "ne") irent (impf. subj.).
You will hinder me from singing.
Rephrased: You will hinder me so that I may not sing.
Impedies me ne (or "quo minus") canam (pres. subj.).
Use quo minus or quin to introduce the subjunctive clause of prevention with a negative main clause. (Thus quo minus works in all cases.)
You all had not deterred the enemy from attacking.
Rephrased: You all had not deterred the enemy so that they would not attack.
Hostes non deterruistis quin (or "quo minus") oppugnarent.
I did not refrain from running.
Rephrased: I did not refrain (for myself) so that I would not run.
Non temperabam mihi quin currrerem.
Section 513
Two special impersonal idioms here... Since they are impersonal, the verbs (stare/abesse) must always be in the 3rd sing. "it" form in Latin.
IDIOM 1
per (acc. of person/thing) stare
Literal translation of the Latin: to stand/exist because of (acc.)
Rephrased to better English: to be the fault of (acc.) / to be due to (acc.)
Examples:
It was his fault we could not leave.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It stood because of him that we could not leave.
Per eum stetit quo minus discedere possemus.
Our failure to reach the island will be due to you.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It will stand because of you that we may not reach the island.
Per te stabit quo minus ad insulam perveniamus.
IDIOM 2
non multum abesse / haud procul abesse
to be not far (from) / to be by no means far off (from)
Rephrased closer to English: to almost happen / to nearly occur
Examples:
I nearly won.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It was not far from that I should win.
Non multum afuit quin (or "quo minus") vincerem.
Our country is close to being destroyed.
Rephrased closer to Latin: It is by no means far off from that our country may be destroyed.
Haud procul abest quin (or "quo minus") patria nostra deleatur.
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