HW: 39A 1,3,5,7,8,9,10 39B 7
INDEPENDENT CLAUSES WITH SUBJUNCTIVE VERBS
Section 392
OPTATIVE (From Latin optare "to wish" or "to choose")
Optative subjunctive is sometimes marked by an utinam (or less commonly si modo).
Wishes for the future use present subjunctive.
English: Would that he come! I wish he would come! May he come!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) veniat! {present subjunctive
Contrary-to-Fact or Unreal Wishes for the present use imperfect subjunctive.
English: Would that he were here! I wish he were here! Were he only here!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) abesset!
Contrary-to-Fact or Unreal Wishes for the past use pluperfect subjunctive.
English: Would that he had left! I wish he had left! Had he only left!
Latin: (Utinam/si modo) discessisset!
Negative optative subjunctives use ne, not non.
English: May he not come! Would that he had not died!
Latin: (Utinam) ne veniat! (Utinam) ne mortuus esset!
Section 393
DELIBERATIVE
Used when someone is deliberating or thinking over what is/was/had to be done.
Deliberation about present/future action uses present subjunctive.
English: What am I to do? What should I do? What shall I do?
Latin: Quid faciam?
Deliberation about past action uses imperfect subjunctive.
English: What was he to say? What would/could/should he say?
Latin: Quid faceret?
Section 394
REPORTED DELIBERATIVE
In English reported deliberative questions are often expressed with an infinitive. In Latin you still use the subjunctive as in regular deliberative questions and regular indirect questions.
English: We want to find out *what to do*.
Latin: Cupimus invenire *quid faciamus*.
English: He learned *what to eat*
Latin: Didicit *quo vesceretur*.
Section 395
POTENTIAL
This is most commonly found in conditions. When not in a conditional clause, potential subjunctive is often used with second person verbs in expressions like: You would say so too. You would all believe me.
Such statements as these imply a conditional such as "if you were there."
Future potential uses present subjunctive.
English: You may do the same. (if this happens to you someday)
Latin: Facias idem.
Present potential uses imperfect subjunctive.
English: You would/could/might say this too. (if you saw what I did)
Latin: Diceres quoque hoc.
Past potential uses pluperfect subjunctive.
English: You would/could/might have done the same thing.
Latin: Fecisses idem.
POLITE POTENTIALS
Potential subjunctives (generally 1st person forms) are also used in polite expressions like "I would rather (not)" or "I should/would like to". As explained in your book, these potential subjunctives of volo, malo, and nolo may be followed by an optative subjunctive of another verb.
Future (present subjunctive of volo/nolo/malo and pres. subj. of other verb)
English: I would/should like him to leave.
Latin: Velim discedat.
English: I would not like him to come.
Latin: Nolim veniat.
Present (imperfect subjunctives)
English: I should/would/could rather he were here.
Latin: Mallem adesset.
English: I would/should like it were they gone. ...for them to be gone.
Latin: Vellem abessent.
Past (imperfect subjunctive of volo/malo/nolo + plup. subj. of other verbs)
English: I would rather we had won.
Latin: Mallem vicissemus.
English: I would/should like it had he died.
Latin: Vellem mortuus esset.
Section 396
They seem to be making it more complex than necessary. In the example for this section, the putares could just be translated "you would think" rather than "you would have thought". It is the context with the perfect infinitive "audivisse" that made them want to use the perfect in English. However, neither English nor Latin requires perfect here for the potential expression. The imperfect subjunctive in Latin (and "would think" which is English preterite subjunctive) shows that it is a general statement that is really meant to be possible at any time (given the understood circumstances).
Friday, October 29, 2010
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Ch. 38
HW: 38A 1,2,4,5,6,8,9; 38B 2 and the following for extra credit:
Compose an English sentence with the idiom “the more…the more…” or "the -er...the -er" (see sect. 384) and then translate it into Latin.
This chapter is pretty straightforward; much of it is review or things we have mentioned before.
Section 381
In addition to what the book says here, I will tell you that ablative of comparison is almost never used except when the first thing being compared is nominative or accusative (usually subject or direct object of its clause).
Example:
No one is dumber than Marcus.
Nemo(nom. subj.) est stupidior Marco (abl.).
Section 382
Warns you that "than" (quam) is not needed in Latin in comparisons with "more than" or "less than" followed by a number.
more than 5 > plus quinque (V)
less than a thousand > minus mille (M)
In origin, this is probably because the number was treated as an ablative of comparison--only most numbers have no case endings.
Yet it also applies to cases where the numbers have endings:
Minus ducentos (acc.) homines vidi. I saw less (than) two hundred people.
Section 383
Where we only use one comparative is an expression like "more rich than smart", Latin uses comparatives for both adjectives. Literally the Latin will say something like: He is stronger (rather) than smarter.
Examples:
The ditch is deeper than it is wide. Fossa altior quam latior est.
The man was stronger than he was skilled. Vir validior/fortior quam peritior erat.
You ran more swiftly than far. Celerius quam longius cucurristi.
Section 384
In expressions like the "The more I fight, the more I lose," or "The faster I run, the more quickly I get home," each comparative will usually be proceeded by an ablative of degree or measure of difference (unless a form of quis intervenes). One of the ablatives will be eo or tanto (or occasionally "hoc"/"illo"), the other will be quo or quanto.
Examples:
The more (often) I win, the less you do.
Quo plus (or "saepius") vinco, eo minus tu.
The slower I walk, the later I will get home.
Quo lentius ambulo, eo serius ad domum adveniam.
The more gravely/seriously I hurt someone, the faster they* ran away.
Quanto cui^ gravius nocui, tanto celerius effugit*.
^cui is here used instead of alicui just as after si, nisi, num, and ne.
*Notice where we typically say "they" (though "he" is more proper), Latin uses a 3rd singular form reflecting the singular indefinite pronoun cui (= alicui after quanto, "someone").
Section 385
This warns you to use multo with comparative to say things like "much larger" or "far smaller" but use longe with superlative expressions like "much the richest" or "by far the longest"
Examples:
much larger
multo maior
far smaller
multo parvior
much the richest
longe ditissimus
by far the wisest
longe sapientissimus
Section 386 & 387
The superlative is usually used to translate phrases like "very good" and "as small as possible" (with preceding quam) except when "very" appears in a negative construction where "too" or "more" (or -er) could be substituted with no change in meaning.
Examples:
She is very strong.
Ea est validissima/fortissima.
Run as quickly as you can (or "as possible").
Curre quam celerrime.
Comparative in negative construction:
They were hoping the enemy would not arrive very quickly.
Restated: They were hoping the enemy would not arrive too quickly(or "more quickly (than they hoped)").
Sperabant ne hostes celerius advenirent. {Fear or negative optative clause
Section 388
Superlatives are used to praise or criticize people. Duh!
Use homo with negative-sounding superlatives and vir (or femina) with positive-sounding ones. Typically the superlatives follow the noun.
They want you to use superlatives in this chapter for regular adjectives such as "brave" or "evil" when they praise or criticize someone. In English we can achieve the same emphasis with a regular positive that we mark with our tone of voice: "he is a BAD guy", "she is a GREAT friend". Latin tends to use the superlative in most examples of praise and criticism.
Examples:
A BAD fellow, The worst fellow
homo pessimus
A SMART woman, The smartest woman
Femina intelligentissima
Compose an English sentence with the idiom “the more…the more…” or "the -er...the -er" (see sect. 384) and then translate it into Latin.
This chapter is pretty straightforward; much of it is review or things we have mentioned before.
Section 381
In addition to what the book says here, I will tell you that ablative of comparison is almost never used except when the first thing being compared is nominative or accusative (usually subject or direct object of its clause).
Example:
No one is dumber than Marcus.
Nemo(nom. subj.) est stupidior Marco (abl.).
Section 382
Warns you that "than" (quam) is not needed in Latin in comparisons with "more than" or "less than" followed by a number.
more than 5 > plus quinque (V)
less than a thousand > minus mille (M)
In origin, this is probably because the number was treated as an ablative of comparison--only most numbers have no case endings.
Yet it also applies to cases where the numbers have endings:
Minus ducentos (acc.) homines vidi. I saw less (than) two hundred people.
Section 383
Where we only use one comparative is an expression like "more rich than smart", Latin uses comparatives for both adjectives. Literally the Latin will say something like: He is stronger (rather) than smarter.
Examples:
The ditch is deeper than it is wide. Fossa altior quam latior est.
The man was stronger than he was skilled. Vir validior/fortior quam peritior erat.
You ran more swiftly than far. Celerius quam longius cucurristi.
Section 384
In expressions like the "The more I fight, the more I lose," or "The faster I run, the more quickly I get home," each comparative will usually be proceeded by an ablative of degree or measure of difference (unless a form of quis intervenes). One of the ablatives will be eo or tanto (or occasionally "hoc"/"illo"), the other will be quo or quanto.
Examples:
The more (often) I win, the less you do.
Quo plus (or "saepius") vinco, eo minus tu.
The slower I walk, the later I will get home.
Quo lentius ambulo, eo serius ad domum adveniam.
The more gravely/seriously I hurt someone, the faster they* ran away.
Quanto cui^ gravius nocui, tanto celerius effugit*.
^cui is here used instead of alicui just as after si, nisi, num, and ne.
*Notice where we typically say "they" (though "he" is more proper), Latin uses a 3rd singular form reflecting the singular indefinite pronoun cui (= alicui after quanto, "someone").
Section 385
This warns you to use multo with comparative to say things like "much larger" or "far smaller" but use longe with superlative expressions like "much the richest" or "by far the longest"
Examples:
much larger
multo maior
far smaller
multo parvior
much the richest
longe ditissimus
by far the wisest
longe sapientissimus
Section 386 & 387
The superlative is usually used to translate phrases like "very good" and "as small as possible" (with preceding quam) except when "very" appears in a negative construction where "too" or "more" (or -er) could be substituted with no change in meaning.
Examples:
She is very strong.
Ea est validissima/fortissima.
Run as quickly as you can (or "as possible").
Curre quam celerrime.
Comparative in negative construction:
They were hoping the enemy would not arrive very quickly.
Restated: They were hoping the enemy would not arrive too quickly(or "more quickly (than they hoped)").
Sperabant ne hostes celerius advenirent. {Fear or negative optative clause
Section 388
Superlatives are used to praise or criticize people. Duh!
Use homo with negative-sounding superlatives and vir (or femina) with positive-sounding ones. Typically the superlatives follow the noun.
They want you to use superlatives in this chapter for regular adjectives such as "brave" or "evil" when they praise or criticize someone. In English we can achieve the same emphasis with a regular positive that we mark with our tone of voice: "he is a BAD guy", "she is a GREAT friend". Latin tends to use the superlative in most examples of praise and criticism.
Examples:
A BAD fellow, The worst fellow
homo pessimus
A SMART woman, The smartest woman
Femina intelligentissima
Monday, October 25, 2010
Ch. 35 Extra Credit Sentences
Here are the correct extra credit sentences; I give alternatives with better word order for the first two.
Good job, Kyle, Harry, and Hanna!
Some of you others were close.
Exivi matrem visum./Matrem visum exii. Kyle
Venit ad ludum lectum libros./Ad ludum libros lectum venit. Harry
Gladiatores adfuerunt pugnatum. Hanna
Good job, Kyle, Harry, and Hanna!
Some of you others were close.
Exivi matrem visum./Matrem visum exii. Kyle
Venit ad ludum lectum libros./Ad ludum libros lectum venit. Harry
Gladiatores adfuerunt pugnatum. Hanna
Ch. 37
HW: 37A 1,2,4,5,8,10 37B 2 & 6
CORRELATIVES
Correlative expressions correlate (connect or associate) separate words or clauses.
See section 371 in your book for a list. Many of them are t- and q- words such as tam and quam or tot and quot. Is, ea, id (and occasionally other demonstratives such as ille, illa, illud or hic, haec, hoc) in its various forms is correlated with qui, quae, quod.
Examples:
Tam magnus quam tu est.
Literal: He is so big as you (are).
Usual English: He is as big as you.
Tot homines quot ille scio.
Literal: I know so many people as he (does)
Usual English: I know as many people as he (does).
Tanta bella quanta umquam fuerant erant.
Literal: So great were the wars as had ever been.
Usual English: The wars were as great as had ever been.
Ea (abl.) qua (abl.) veni veniet.
*Note the ablative ea understands a Latin "via" with it
Literal: He will come by that (way) by which I came.
Usual English: He will come the same way (that*) I did.
*The that may be omitted.
Eo* ire voluit quo* omnes iebant.
*Note Latin has to use the special place to which adverbs (eo/quo) instead of place where (ibi/ubi) since they here denote destinations. Also omnes is plural in Latin, but everyone is singular in English.
Literal: He wanted to go thither* whither* all were going.
*Archaic English place to which adverbs.
Usual English: He wanted to go the same place (that/where*) everyone was going.
*The that or where may be omitted.
Special examples with superlative in relative clause
Note the superlative moves from the main clause in normal English to the relative clause in normal Latin.
Normal English: I saw the biggest man who was there.
Rephrased, Awkward English: I saw him (or "the guy") who was the biggest there.
Normal Latin: Vidi eum qui maximus ibi erat.
Normal English: I gave the sword to the most deserving person whom I knew.
Rephrased, Stilted/Archaic English: I gave the sword to him whom I knew (to be) most worthy.
Normal Latin: Gladium ei quem dignissimum noveram dedi.
CORRELATIVES
Correlative expressions correlate (connect or associate) separate words or clauses.
See section 371 in your book for a list. Many of them are t- and q- words such as tam and quam or tot and quot. Is, ea, id (and occasionally other demonstratives such as ille, illa, illud or hic, haec, hoc) in its various forms is correlated with qui, quae, quod.
Examples:
Tam magnus quam tu est.
Literal: He is so big as you (are).
Usual English: He is as big as you.
Tot homines quot ille scio.
Literal: I know so many people as he (does)
Usual English: I know as many people as he (does).
Tanta bella quanta umquam fuerant erant.
Literal: So great were the wars as had ever been.
Usual English: The wars were as great as had ever been.
Ea (abl.) qua (abl.) veni veniet.
*Note the ablative ea understands a Latin "via" with it
Literal: He will come by that (way) by which I came.
Usual English: He will come the same way (that*) I did.
*The that may be omitted.
Eo* ire voluit quo* omnes iebant.
*Note Latin has to use the special place to which adverbs (eo/quo) instead of place where (ibi/ubi) since they here denote destinations. Also omnes is plural in Latin, but everyone is singular in English.
Literal: He wanted to go thither* whither* all were going.
*Archaic English place to which adverbs.
Usual English: He wanted to go the same place (that/where*) everyone was going.
*The that or where may be omitted.
Special examples with superlative in relative clause
Note the superlative moves from the main clause in normal English to the relative clause in normal Latin.
Normal English: I saw the biggest man who was there.
Rephrased, Awkward English: I saw him (or "the guy") who was the biggest there.
Normal Latin: Vidi eum qui maximus ibi erat.
Normal English: I gave the sword to the most deserving person whom I knew.
Rephrased, Stilted/Archaic English: I gave the sword to him whom I knew (to be) most worthy.
Normal Latin: Gladium ei quem dignissimum noveram dedi.
Friday, October 22, 2010
Ch. 35
HW: 35A 1-7, 35B 3,4 and for extra credit do the following:
Compose an English sentence with a purpose infinitive and then translate it into Latin using an accusative supine.
This chapter is mostly just review of previous ways to translate an English infinitive "to verb" in different contexts.
New Supines and Result Clause after "too"
The new constructions are the accusative supine (4th pp with -um), which is another way to show purpose in Latin, and the result clause in an expression like "too weak to lift the rock".
The supine is a 4th declension masculine verbal noun (not a participle though it looks like the perfect passive participle) usually made from the fourth principal part stem with a -um accusative ending. Here are some accusative examples: monitum, ductum, captum, pugnatum.
Accusatve Supine Sentences
Venit nos visum. He came to see us.
Caesar milites pabulatum mittit. Caesar is sending soldiers to forage.
*Note that the accusative supine is most commonly used with verbs with meanings like: come, go, leave, and send--the same kinds of verbs that also often use a relative clause of purpose.
"too x to y"
We ran too slowly to escape the enemy.
Change to one of the following constructions before translating into Latin:
Option 1 (from your book):
Rephrased: We ran more slowly than that we might escape the enemy.
*Note that this sounds nonsensical or at least really awkward in English but is good Latin.
Tardius cucurrimus quam ut hostes effugeremus. (result clause after comparative)
Option 2 (my alternative):
Rephrased: We did not run so fast as to escape the enemy.
Non tam celeriter cucurrimus ut hostes effugeremus. (negative main clause)
PURPOSE OPTIONS IN LATIN
Remember Latin never uses a purpose infinitive like English! With the accusative supine we now have all the main ways of showing purpose in Latin.
Purpose Clause (the only one used for negative purpose)
...ut/ne videat. "so that he may (not) see"
Relative Purpose Clause
...qui videat. "so that he may (not) see"
Gerunds/Gerundives with ad
ad videndum "to see", ad nos videndos "to see us"
Gerunds/Gerundives with causa/gratia
videndi causa "for the sake of seeing", videndi Caesaris gratia "for the sake of seeing Caesar"
Dative of Purpose/Predicative Dative (dative usually of a noun with verbal idea, object, if any, will be objective genitive)
auxilio "for help", munificationi castrorum, "for the (purpose of) fortification of the camp"
Accusative of Supine
visum "to see", nos visum "to see us"
Compose an English sentence with a purpose infinitive and then translate it into Latin using an accusative supine.
This chapter is mostly just review of previous ways to translate an English infinitive "to verb" in different contexts.
New Supines and Result Clause after "too"
The new constructions are the accusative supine (4th pp with -um), which is another way to show purpose in Latin, and the result clause in an expression like "too weak to lift the rock".
The supine is a 4th declension masculine verbal noun (not a participle though it looks like the perfect passive participle) usually made from the fourth principal part stem with a -um accusative ending. Here are some accusative examples: monitum, ductum, captum, pugnatum.
Accusatve Supine Sentences
Venit nos visum. He came to see us.
Caesar milites pabulatum mittit. Caesar is sending soldiers to forage.
*Note that the accusative supine is most commonly used with verbs with meanings like: come, go, leave, and send--the same kinds of verbs that also often use a relative clause of purpose.
"too x to y"
We ran too slowly to escape the enemy.
Change to one of the following constructions before translating into Latin:
Option 1 (from your book):
Rephrased: We ran more slowly than that we might escape the enemy.
*Note that this sounds nonsensical or at least really awkward in English but is good Latin.
Tardius cucurrimus quam ut hostes effugeremus. (result clause after comparative)
Option 2 (my alternative):
Rephrased: We did not run so fast as to escape the enemy.
Non tam celeriter cucurrimus ut hostes effugeremus. (negative main clause)
PURPOSE OPTIONS IN LATIN
Remember Latin never uses a purpose infinitive like English! With the accusative supine we now have all the main ways of showing purpose in Latin.
Purpose Clause (the only one used for negative purpose)
...ut/ne videat. "so that he may (not) see"
Relative Purpose Clause
...qui videat. "so that he may (not) see"
Gerunds/Gerundives with ad
ad videndum "to see", ad nos videndos "to see us"
Gerunds/Gerundives with causa/gratia
videndi causa "for the sake of seeing", videndi Caesaris gratia "for the sake of seeing Caesar"
Dative of Purpose/Predicative Dative (dative usually of a noun with verbal idea, object, if any, will be objective genitive)
auxilio "for help", munificationi castrorum, "for the (purpose of) fortification of the camp"
Accusative of Supine
visum "to see", nos visum "to see us"
Friday, October 15, 2010
Ch. 33 & 34
HW: 33A 1,7,11; 33B 1; 34A 1,3,7; 34B 6
GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES
The gerund is a verbal noun made from the neuter singular forms of the gerundive. It has no nominative, and it is never used as a subject, a direct object, or a complement to an intransitive verb that takes an infinitive (like possum or soleo).
Examples: amandi (gen.), amando (dat.), amandum (acc.), amando (abl.)
In English we can sometimes use infinitives (to see) and gerunds (seeing) interchangeably.
To see is to believe./Seeing is believing.
Latin is more particular. Infinitives are reserved for subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and verb complements.
Examples:
To see is to believe.
Videre (subject) est credere (predicate nominative).
He dared to come.
Venire (direct object) audebat.
We are able to leave.
Possumus discedere (verbal complement).
Gerunds may be used as an objective genitive or genitive complement to a noun or adjective. They are often found with a following causa or gratia (for the sake/purpose of) to show purpose.
Examples:
desirous of loving
cupidus amandi
opportunity for leaving
occasio/facultas discedendi
time for coming
tempus veniendi
to help/for the sake of helping
adiuvandi causa/gratia
They may be dative as the dative complement to a verb or other word (some adjectives take dative). These are often akin to a dative of purpose (for/for the purpose of).
Examples:
suitable for fighting
aptus/idoneus pugnando
He is eager to go.
Studet eundo.
In accusative gerunds are typically the object of ad or occasionally in. They usually show purpose and can be used in many of the same ways as ad + accusative gerund.
Examples:
He sent them to help.
Eos ad adiuvandum misit.
The book is suitable for reading.
Liber est idoneus ad legendum.
In ablative, a gerund may be used as an ablative of means/instrument without a preposition or sometimes with in or de + ablative.
Examples:
They destroyed the city by burning (it).
Incendendo urbem deleverunt.
We talked about leaving.
De discedendo loquebamur.
Gerundives are often used in place of gerunds when a gerund would have an accusative direct object, but keep the gerund with verbs that are intransitive or take other cases (e.g. Kevin's "amor pugnandi cum ursis", "love of fighting with bears" because pugno is intrasitive). The gerundive, when used in place of a gerund and direct object, does not show necessity and is usually translated in English by a gerund (verbing) or infinitive (to verb). In Latin the noun and the gerundive go into the same gender, number, and case--the case being subject to the function in the sentence just as with a gerund.
Examples:
He came to see you all.
Ad vos videndos venit.
He fought for the sake of saving his country.
Patriae servandae gratia pugnavit.
The pen/quill is suitable for writing books.
Idonea penna ad libros scribendos (or "libris scribendis") est.
By defeating the enemy we have acquired freedom.
Hostibus vincendis libertate potiti sumus.
Beware that you should not use a gerundive however, if it would agree with a neuter pronoun in the genitive, dative, or ablative case when the gender would be ambguous.
It is suitable for helping those things (things/not people).
Ambiguous, Bad Latin: Idoneum est adiuvandis eis*. *could be masc. or neuter
Good Latin 1: Idoneum est ad ea adiuvanda. {Gerundive avoids ambiguous case.
Good Latin 2: Idoneum est ea adiuvando. {Gerund with accusative pl. neuter object.
The Romans, and especially Caesar, also often avoided the jingling two syllable rhyme of phrases like "eORUM videndORUM causa" and "puellARUM puniendARUM occasio" by substituting a gerund with accusative object, "eos videndi causa" and "puellas puniendi occasio".
Genitives of personal pronouns used with gerundives must be the objective forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri (not nostrum which is for partive genitive), vestri (not vestrum which is for partive genitive).
A noun and gerund may be the object of a verb that means to manage or undertake an action. Curo, curare is the verb most often used this way.
Examples:
I see to it that the fort is built. ...that the fort be built.
Castrum aedificandum curo.
He managed to have the town destroyed. ...that the town be destroyed.
Oppidum delendum curavit.
They will undertake to defeat us. ...that we be defeated.
Suscipient nos vincendos.
GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES
The gerund is a verbal noun made from the neuter singular forms of the gerundive. It has no nominative, and it is never used as a subject, a direct object, or a complement to an intransitive verb that takes an infinitive (like possum or soleo).
Examples: amandi (gen.), amando (dat.), amandum (acc.), amando (abl.)
In English we can sometimes use infinitives (to see) and gerunds (seeing) interchangeably.
To see is to believe./Seeing is believing.
Latin is more particular. Infinitives are reserved for subjects, predicate nominatives, direct objects, and verb complements.
Examples:
To see is to believe.
Videre (subject) est credere (predicate nominative).
He dared to come.
Venire (direct object) audebat.
We are able to leave.
Possumus discedere (verbal complement).
Gerunds may be used as an objective genitive or genitive complement to a noun or adjective. They are often found with a following causa or gratia (for the sake/purpose of) to show purpose.
Examples:
desirous of loving
cupidus amandi
opportunity for leaving
occasio/facultas discedendi
time for coming
tempus veniendi
to help/for the sake of helping
adiuvandi causa/gratia
They may be dative as the dative complement to a verb or other word (some adjectives take dative). These are often akin to a dative of purpose (for/for the purpose of).
Examples:
suitable for fighting
aptus/idoneus pugnando
He is eager to go.
Studet eundo.
In accusative gerunds are typically the object of ad or occasionally in. They usually show purpose and can be used in many of the same ways as ad + accusative gerund.
Examples:
He sent them to help.
Eos ad adiuvandum misit.
The book is suitable for reading.
Liber est idoneus ad legendum.
In ablative, a gerund may be used as an ablative of means/instrument without a preposition or sometimes with in or de + ablative.
Examples:
They destroyed the city by burning (it).
Incendendo urbem deleverunt.
We talked about leaving.
De discedendo loquebamur.
Gerundives are often used in place of gerunds when a gerund would have an accusative direct object, but keep the gerund with verbs that are intransitive or take other cases (e.g. Kevin's "amor pugnandi cum ursis", "love of fighting with bears" because pugno is intrasitive). The gerundive, when used in place of a gerund and direct object, does not show necessity and is usually translated in English by a gerund (verbing) or infinitive (to verb). In Latin the noun and the gerundive go into the same gender, number, and case--the case being subject to the function in the sentence just as with a gerund.
Examples:
He came to see you all.
Ad vos videndos venit.
He fought for the sake of saving his country.
Patriae servandae gratia pugnavit.
The pen/quill is suitable for writing books.
Idonea penna ad libros scribendos (or "libris scribendis") est.
By defeating the enemy we have acquired freedom.
Hostibus vincendis libertate potiti sumus.
Beware that you should not use a gerundive however, if it would agree with a neuter pronoun in the genitive, dative, or ablative case when the gender would be ambguous.
It is suitable for helping those things (things/not people).
Ambiguous, Bad Latin: Idoneum est adiuvandis eis*. *could be masc. or neuter
Good Latin 1: Idoneum est ad ea adiuvanda. {Gerundive avoids ambiguous case.
Good Latin 2: Idoneum est ea adiuvando. {Gerund with accusative pl. neuter object.
The Romans, and especially Caesar, also often avoided the jingling two syllable rhyme of phrases like "eORUM videndORUM causa" and "puellARUM puniendARUM occasio" by substituting a gerund with accusative object, "eos videndi causa" and "puellas puniendi occasio".
Genitives of personal pronouns used with gerundives must be the objective forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri (not nostrum which is for partive genitive), vestri (not vestrum which is for partive genitive).
A noun and gerund may be the object of a verb that means to manage or undertake an action. Curo, curare is the verb most often used this way.
Examples:
I see to it that the fort is built. ...that the fort be built.
Castrum aedificandum curo.
He managed to have the town destroyed. ...that the town be destroyed.
Oppidum delendum curavit.
They will undertake to defeat us. ...that we be defeated.
Suscipient nos vincendos.
Wednesday, October 13, 2010
Ch. 31 & 32
HW 31-2
HW: 31A 1,3,9; 31B 1; 32A 1,2,8, 32B 2
Obligation and Gerundives
Gerundives are the same thing as the future passive participle, which means that they are verbal adjectives. They agree with nouns/pronouns that they modify in gender number and case.
To form the gerundive for 1st, 2nd, or 3rd conjugation,
1) Take the -re off the 2nd principal part to get the present stem.
2) Add -ndus.
3) The -us ending will decline like bonus -a -um.
To form the gerundive for 3rd io and 4th conjugation,
1) Take the -ere or -ire off the 2nd principal part.
2) Add -iendus.
3) The -us ending will decline like bonus -a -um.
The most literal translation is "to-be-verbed" in the sense of "going-to-be". Compare these English examples.
He is a man to be watched.
i.e He is a guy who should/must be watched.
That was a dinner not to be missed.
i.e. That dinner was one which should/ought not to have been missed.
Passive Periprhastic
A common use of the gerundive is with a form of the being verb. This almost always shows necessity or obligation. If an agent is wanted for the passive verb, you should use a dative of interest, often here called dative of agent.
Examples:
Spectandus est/erat/erit. He must be watched. ...had to be watched. ...will have to be watched.
Epistula scribenda mihi (dat. of agent) erat. The letter had to be written by me.
Dixit eos nobis (dat. of agent) vincendos esse. He said that they had to be conquered by us.
If two datives of people would be found in the passive periphrastic clause, the agent may be expressed with a/ab + ablative as it usually is with other passive verbs.
Good English: Caesar has to be believed by the soldiers.
A militibus Caesari* credendum est.
*Note Caesar is dative even though it is the subject in English because credo is an intransitive dative verb in the impersonal passive (ch. 26). Militibus would usually be dative of agent with no preposition, but here Latin allows a/ab + ablative to avoid ambiguity.
The Literal translation of the above is: It has to be believed in Caesar by the soldiers.
When a gerundive is not used in a passive periphrastic it may often be translated "to-be-verbed".
I gave him a book to-be-read. i.e., ...which he was supposed to read.
Librum legendum ei dedi.
PRICE AND VALUE
Genitive of indefinite value (probably locative in origin) is used with inexact terms listed in section 322.
In addition to facio and aestimo, any other Latin verb that means think or consider may take such a genitive. Habeo (in the meaning "hold in mind"/"consider") is a common alternative.
Habeo nihili eum.
Literal, Bad English Translation: I consider him of nothing.
Good English: I consider him worth nothing.
Aestimaverunt magni me.
Literal, Bad English Translation: They considered/valued me of great.
Good English: They valued me highly. / They considered me to be worth a lot.
Ablative of price (subcategory of means) is used to express exact prices and occasionally also indefinite prices. Note we often say "for (an amount of money)" in English, but Latin uses ablative, not dative.
I will buy the book for 5 denarii (silver coins).
Emam librum V denariis.
He sold his sword for 4 aurei (gold coins).
Gladium IV aureis vendidit.
The house costs a lot.
Domus magno constat/stat.
They were sold as slaves for 100,000 sesterces each.
Illi venebant (or "venierunt") C milibus (sestertiis*) servi.
*A sesterce (In English pronounced sehs-tersh, Latin sestertius, -i m.) was a large bronze or small silver coin which was the usual unit used in pricing, so when no monetary designation is given it is assumed to be in sesterces. Furthermore, in real written Latin large values might be given by writing a line over the Roman numeral to indicate the number times one-thousand. Thus CCV with a line above means 205,000. A line above and on both sides would mean the number times 100,000. Thus XIV with a line above and on each side means 1,400,000.
SESTERTIUS (2 and 1/2 asses originally, then 4)
DENARIUS (originally 10 asses, then 16)
AUREUS
It cost two bucks(sesterces).
Constitit duobus.
Note the special adverbs in section 325 which refer to price but are in the genitive case instead of the normal ablative.
Examples:
He bought it for so much.
Id tanti emit.
How much did you sell the horse for?
Quanti equum vendidisti?
In section 326, it misleadingly implies that consto (and sto) takes the dative for price. This verb does take a dative of interest for people sometimes but when it refers to costs it will generally take an ablative of price.
Liber mihi(dat. of interest) tribus denariis(abl. of price) constat. The book costs me 3 denarii.
HW: 31A 1,3,9; 31B 1; 32A 1,2,8, 32B 2
Obligation and Gerundives
Gerundives are the same thing as the future passive participle, which means that they are verbal adjectives. They agree with nouns/pronouns that they modify in gender number and case.
To form the gerundive for 1st, 2nd, or 3rd conjugation,
1) Take the -re off the 2nd principal part to get the present stem.
2) Add -ndus.
3) The -us ending will decline like bonus -a -um.
To form the gerundive for 3rd io and 4th conjugation,
1) Take the -ere or -ire off the 2nd principal part.
2) Add -iendus.
3) The -us ending will decline like bonus -a -um.
The most literal translation is "to-be-verbed" in the sense of "going-to-be". Compare these English examples.
He is a man to be watched.
i.e He is a guy who should/must be watched.
That was a dinner not to be missed.
i.e. That dinner was one which should/ought not to have been missed.
Passive Periprhastic
A common use of the gerundive is with a form of the being verb. This almost always shows necessity or obligation. If an agent is wanted for the passive verb, you should use a dative of interest, often here called dative of agent.
Examples:
Spectandus est/erat/erit. He must be watched. ...had to be watched. ...will have to be watched.
Epistula scribenda mihi (dat. of agent) erat. The letter had to be written by me.
Dixit eos nobis (dat. of agent) vincendos esse. He said that they had to be conquered by us.
If two datives of people would be found in the passive periphrastic clause, the agent may be expressed with a/ab + ablative as it usually is with other passive verbs.
Good English: Caesar has to be believed by the soldiers.
A militibus Caesari* credendum est.
*Note Caesar is dative even though it is the subject in English because credo is an intransitive dative verb in the impersonal passive (ch. 26). Militibus would usually be dative of agent with no preposition, but here Latin allows a/ab + ablative to avoid ambiguity.
The Literal translation of the above is: It has to be believed in Caesar by the soldiers.
When a gerundive is not used in a passive periphrastic it may often be translated "to-be-verbed".
I gave him a book to-be-read. i.e., ...which he was supposed to read.
Librum legendum ei dedi.
PRICE AND VALUE
Genitive of indefinite value (probably locative in origin) is used with inexact terms listed in section 322.
In addition to facio and aestimo, any other Latin verb that means think or consider may take such a genitive. Habeo (in the meaning "hold in mind"/"consider") is a common alternative.
Habeo nihili eum.
Literal, Bad English Translation: I consider him of nothing.
Good English: I consider him worth nothing.
Aestimaverunt magni me.
Literal, Bad English Translation: They considered/valued me of great.
Good English: They valued me highly. / They considered me to be worth a lot.
Ablative of price (subcategory of means) is used to express exact prices and occasionally also indefinite prices. Note we often say "for (an amount of money)" in English, but Latin uses ablative, not dative.
I will buy the book for 5 denarii (silver coins).
Emam librum V denariis.
He sold his sword for 4 aurei (gold coins).
Gladium IV aureis vendidit.
The house costs a lot.
Domus magno constat/stat.
They were sold as slaves for 100,000 sesterces each.
Illi venebant (or "venierunt") C milibus (sestertiis*) servi.
*A sesterce (In English pronounced sehs-tersh, Latin sestertius, -i m.) was a large bronze or small silver coin which was the usual unit used in pricing, so when no monetary designation is given it is assumed to be in sesterces. Furthermore, in real written Latin large values might be given by writing a line over the Roman numeral to indicate the number times one-thousand. Thus CCV with a line above means 205,000. A line above and on both sides would mean the number times 100,000. Thus XIV with a line above and on each side means 1,400,000.
SESTERTIUS (2 and 1/2 asses originally, then 4)
DENARIUS (originally 10 asses, then 16)
AUREUS
It cost two bucks(sesterces).
Constitit duobus.
Note the special adverbs in section 325 which refer to price but are in the genitive case instead of the normal ablative.
Examples:
He bought it for so much.
Id tanti emit.
How much did you sell the horse for?
Quanti equum vendidisti?
In section 326, it misleadingly implies that consto (and sto) takes the dative for price. This verb does take a dative of interest for people sometimes but when it refers to costs it will generally take an ablative of price.
Liber mihi(dat. of interest) tribus denariis(abl. of price) constat. The book costs me 3 denarii.
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