EXTRA CREDIT SENTENCES

Anyone who wants may rank their top three favorite sentences and translate all 7 into good English. You can earn 1 point of extra credit for a quiz grade per sentence that you translate correctly and 1 point simply for ranking the top 3.

Trevor Donnelly
Domum prius relinquere conatus est quam venti venirent.

Lizzy McMahon
Prius clamavit quam caderes.

Harry Perilstein
ante fugere conatus est quam advenirem.

Brett Giacco
Antequam discederes, copiam transportavit.

Eliza Liu
domum veniet ante quam nox adveniat.

Kyle Rhoads
Antequam ludo adsim* scribam epistolam ad matrem.
*adsum sometimes takes a dative as here; but I would suggest a place where expression such as "in ludo" or "ludi" (locative).

Shaun Espenshade
Noluit prius superare quam omnem* daret.
*omnis (s.) every; (pl.) all

Ch. 46

HW: 46A 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,10

CUM CLAUSES

The word cum as a preposition takes the ablative case and means "with". You see it in ablative of accompaniment (We went with the sailors. "cum nautis") and ablative of manner (He graduated with great praise. "magna cum laude").

The word cum as a conjunction is an alternate spelling for "quom," the spelling used by Cicero and others of the first century BC and earlier.

Cum the conjunction introduces a full clause (clauses have verbs, phrases do not) and is translated: when, since, although, whereas, or whenever.

Here are the three types of cum clauses that always take the subjunctive; notice the names all begin with c, hopefully this will help you remember them. They all follow sequence of tenses.

Cum Circumstantial (tells the circumstances in which the main clause occurs)

When the enemy was beseiging us, we had a small supply of food.
Cum hostes nos obsiderent*, parva nobis copia erat cibi.
*imperfect subjunctive shows same (_or later) relative time in secondary sequence
When he arrived, we greeted him.
Cum advenisset*, eum salutavimus.
*pluperfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in secondary sequence

Cum Causal (tells the cause or reason for the main clause)

Since/because you are coming, we will win.
Cum venias*, vincemus.
*present subjunctive shows same (or later) relative time in primary sequence
Since/because he left (has left), we are leaving too.
Cum discesserit*, quoque discedimus.
*perfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in primary sequence

Cum Concessive (tells the adverse or opposing situation in spite of which the main clause occurs)
In English, the main clause often has "still" or "nevertheless"; in Latin "tamen" and "nihilominus" are similarly often found.

Although you had helped, we were (still) defeated.
Cum adiuvisses*, (tamen) victi sumus.
*pluperfect subjunctive shows earlier relative time in secondary sequence
Although she is here, he (nevertheless) will not look at her.
Cum illa adsit*, ille (nihilominus) ipsam/illam/eam non spectabit.
*present subjunctive shows same (or later) relative time in primary sequence

Cum Temporal

When cum refers only to a time relationship, indicative may be used and must be used for primary tenses (present, future, future perfect). Indicative may even be used with other tenses when marked by time adverbs or phrases which suggest that the main or only important relationship between the clauses is TIME.

Examples:
When you were consul, then (at the time) I was still a soldier.
Cum consul eras, tum (eo tempore) iam eram miles.
When you first arrived (As soon as you arrived), we greeted you.
Cum primum advenisti, te salutavimus.

Cum = whenever

Cum can be translated "whenever" with indicative tense. As your book indicates, this will usually (but not always) be when the cum clause verb is perfect (with present main clause), future perfect (with future main clause), or pluperfect (with past tense, espe. impf., main clause) so that the cum clause clearly shows it is earlier than the main clause. This construction is akin to the present, future, and past general conditions which use si/nisi + inidcative verb. Sometimes this kind of cum clause will be associated with a main-clause word or phrase such as always (semper) or often (saepe).

Examples:
Whenever I saw him, I (always/continually) thanked him (used to thank him).
Cum eum videram, ei gratias (semper) agebam.
Whenever he comes (will have come), I will (always) help him.
Cum venerit, ei (semper) succurram.
Whenever he leaves, we (always) follow.
Cum exiit, (semper) sequimur.

Inverted Cum Clause or Cum Inversum

A cum clause with an indicative verb may be placed at the end of the sentence for emphasis. It is called an inverted cum clause. Sometimes a time word meaning suddenly or unexpectedly (subito, repente, de improviso) will occur in the cum clause; sometimes the main clause will have a word/phrase such as "just now" (iam/iam modo) or "only barely" (tantum/modo). The cum clause usually has a perfect or present indicative verb.

Examples:
The sun was rising when (suddenly) we saw the enemy approaching.
Sol oriebatur cum (subito) vidimus hostes appropinquare/appropinquantes.
The general had just finished his speech when (unexpectedly) the spears fell out of the sky.
Dux orationem iam modo perfecit cum de improviso hastae de caelo cadunt (vivid historical present).


Since this/that is so...

In English expressions of this sort, Latin usually uses a plural connecting relative pronoun to link back to the previous sentence, and the verb thus is plural agreeing with the relative pronoun subject:

Since that had been so...
Quae cum ita fuissent...
Since this is the case...
Quae cum ita sint...

Cum...tum as correlative "both...and"

Though they literally mean "when" and "then". Cum and tum may be used as a stronger version of et...et, that is, "both...and". When they are used this way, they may join single words or whole phrases.

I saw both the senators and the people.
Cum senatores tum plebem vidi.
I will eat green eggs and ham both on a boat and with a goat.
Ovis et perna prasina cum in nave tum cum capro vescar.

Ch. 45

HW: 45A 1,5,6,7,8,9 45B 8,9 and compose the following for extra credit:
a sentence with a temporal clause with prius quam or ante quam showing intent (give English and Latin versions).


Adverbial Clauses of Time

Typically these have an indicative verb if just reflecting a temporal relationship of the clauses. However, if another connection is operative (for example, if the clause shows cause or purpose), the verb is often subjunctive. The most conjunctions most commonly used this way with subjunctive are dum, antequam, and priusquam.

See section 451 for a list of the main adverbs used for temporal clauses and their usual translations.

For this chapter do NOT use the conjunction cum (when/since/although) which is covered in ch. 46.

Section 452

Warns you that cum can take subjunctive in a past tense temporal clause (we will learn more about this in ch. 46) and that Postquam + perfect indicative means the same thing as Ubi/Quando + pluperfect indicative. In other words, "after...verbed" is the same thing as saying "when...had verbed." See examples below to understand what I mean.

Examples:
English: When they had left, we came out of the house.
Latin: Ubi discesserant(plup.), e domo venimus.
Different English with same meaning: After they left, we came out of the house.
Different Latin with same meaning: Postquam discesserunt(perf.), e domo venimus.

Also note that when the main clause is future a before-clause with ante quam in Latin will use present indicative instead of future. This is special because Latin usually uses future for subordinate clauses in a future context--remember the future more vivid conditions that we just studied: if you come (venies future in Latin), I will see you.

Examples:
English: Before you leave, I will tell you.
With ante quam: Ante quam discedis(pres.), tibi dicam(fut.).
With other word for before: Prius quam discedes(fut.), tibi dicam(fut.).

Section 453

The two parts of postquam, antequam, and priusquam may be placed together (written as one or two words) or separated by several words. This is because ante and prius literally mean "earlier" and post literally means "later" while "quam" means "than". Thus "ante...quam" is "earlier...than" and "post...quam" is "later...than".

Examples:
Before you went, I saw you.
Either: Antequam (or "priusquam") iisti, te vidi.
Or: Prius/ante te vidi quam iisti. {Literally: I saw you earlier than you went.

After I come, you leave.
Either: Postquam venio, discedis.
Or: Post discedis quam venio. {Literally: You leave later than I come.

You should use the separate way if you need to insert a specific expression such as "three days before" or "two years after". These will be constructed with an ablative of degree or measure of difference, i.e. "earlier by three days" or "later by two years".

Examples:
He left four hours before you arrived.
Rephrased: He left earlier by four hours than you arrived.
Good Latin: Quattuor ante/prius horis(abl.) discessit quam advenisti.
One year after you arrived, you left again.
Rephrased: You left again later by one year than you arrived.
Good Latin: Iterum discessisti uno post anno quam advenisti.

Section 454

Subjunctive verb in a temporal clause indicates that something more is going on. Perhaps the clause hints at intention/purpose or cause. Usually these clauses will take imperfect subjunctive (if secondary) and present subjunctive (if primary).

Examples:
Before you arrived, he left. {He left because he did not want to see you.
Latin: Antequam advenires(impf. subj.), discessit.
They left before we arrived. {They did not want to stick around with us.
Latin: Prius discesserunt quam adveniremus.
*Note a literal translation of the above Latin subjunctives makes it more clear that there is a specific intention here: Before you might/should arrive, he left. They left earlier than we might/would arrive.

Section 455

Until must be translated with priusquam or antequam with a negative main clause IF AND ONLY IF until can be replaced by before in English. Otherwise use dum. Note that until- or till-clauses almost always show intention and thus need subjunctives.

He was staying until we left. {Can't replace until with before.
Latin: Manebat dum discederemus. {Subj. because shows intention/purpose
He did not want to come until he learned that I was coming. {Can substitute before for until.
Latin: Venire noluit antequam/priusquam me venire novit. {No intention involved, the situation was a surprise, so indicative more likely here.

ch. 43-44

HW: 43A 5,7,9,10 44A 1,2,3,4

CONDITIONS 43 & 44

Conditions have two clauses the main- or then-clause (also called the apodosis) and the subordinate if-clause (also called the protasis). Usually the if-clause (protasis) comes first, e.g.: "If you saw, you would agree." But it doesn't have to, e.g.: "I will leave, if he comes." English if-clauses (protases) are marked in one of these ways, with "if", with "unless" (for negative clauses), with "whether", or by putting the verb first in the clause.

Examples of conditions in English:

With if
If you leave, I will too.
If he had died, we would have cried.

With whether
Whether you come or go, we will be happy.

With unless
Unless he has left, we will not attend.

By putting the verb first in the clause
Were you doing good, I would applaud you.
Had he fought, he would have won.

TWO MAIN KINDS OF CONDITIONS

In both Latin and English there are two main kinds of conditions. Simple or general conditions that use regular indicative verbs and ideal or imaginary conditions that use subjunctive verbs.

Simple conditions are constructed in the same way in English and Latin for present and past tenses. In Latin si = if and nisi = unless/if not.

Examples:
If he left, I followed. {Past general = Whenever he left, I followed.
Si discessit, secutus sum.
If you are coming, we are coming too.
Si venis, quoque venimus.
Unless he is leaving, we are not staying.
Nisi discedit, non manemus.

However, future or future perfect simple conditions (which are also called future more vivid conditions) have a present or perfect tense verb in the if-clause in English while Latin follows the logical sequence and uses future or future perfect tense for both clauses.

Examples:
If they come, I will see them.
Si venient(fut.)/venerint(fut. perf.), eos videbo(fut.).
If you build it, they will come.
Si id aedificabis(fut.)/aedificaveris(fut. perf.), venient(fut.).
Unless you remind them, they won't remember.
Nisi eos admonebis(fut.)/admonueris(fut. perf.), non meminerint(fut. perf.).


Subjunctive Ideal/Imaginary Conditions

First, I should give you an overview of the subjunctive in English. In most cases English uses a modal helping verb (also called auxiliary verb) to indicate subjunctive. Here are some common ones: may, might, could, would, and should.

However, English still has a present subjunctive and has some left overs of the old past/preterite subjunctive forms.

English present subjunctive is the same as the English present infinitive without the "to".

to come } come
to see } see
to be } be

Examples of usage:
Be(subj.) that as it may.
Come(subj.) what will.
We fear lest he come(subj.)*. {Correct but archaic sounding
*Note that the English present subjunctive has no final -s for the 3rd s. forms (he/she/it), whereas the English present indicative does: He comes.

English preterite/past subjunctive:
were
would
should
could
might

Note that all the above past subjunctives are also past tense indicative forms for be, will, shall, can, and may. This is because Old English past subjunctive forms have combined with past indicative forms. They used to have a slightly different vowel sound which is still preserved in German which is a more conservative Germanic language. Because there is no difference between past indicative and subjunctive forms we always usually use one of the above modal verbs to note the subjunctive flavor a verb.

Examples:
Were(subj.) he only here!
Would(subj.) that she had come!
You might(subj.) believe me.


That concludes the English subjunctive interlude.

Now time for the subjunctive conditions

There is somewhat of a difference between what your book calls future ideal conditions and present or past ideal conditions.

Many other books would call a future ideal condition either a future less vivid (because it is not as vivid as the future more vivid which has future indicative) or a "should-would" condition (because it can be translated with should and would). Such conditions refer to a possible, but not strongly stated, future condition.

Typically the if-clause has "should" or "were to" and the then-clause has "would" in English.

Examples:
If he should come (or "were to come"), we would greet him warmly.
If you should leave (or "were to leave"), I would go too.
*Note the difference between the above future less vivid and the future more vivid: If he DOES come, we WILL greet him warmly. If you LEAVE, I WILL go too.

The present and past ideal conditions are often called unreal or contrafactual or contrary-to-fact conditions. A present contrary-to-fact condition states a present condition that is impossible or unreal. A past contrary-to-fact condition states a past condition that is impossible or unreal.

Typically a present contrary-to-fact condition has "were verbing"/"verbed" for the if-clause and "would verb" or "would be verbing" for the then-clause.
Typically a past contrary-to-fact condition has "had been verbing"/"had verbed" for the if-clause and "would have verbed" or "would have been verbing" for the then-clause.

Examples:
If he were leaving, we would go too. (but neither is true)
Were he coming, I would wait. (but neither is true)
We would not have left if he had gone. (but neither is true)
If you had come, I would not have joined in. (but neither is true)

English and Latin Examples of Subjunctive Conditions

Future Ideal/Future Less Vivid/"Should-Would": present subjunctive in Latin
If you should leave, I would follow.
Si discedas, sequar.
If he were to go, they would too.
Si eat, quoque eant.

Present Ideal/Present Unreal/Present Contrary-to-Fact: imperfect subjunctive in Latin
Unless you were leaving, you would not be sad.
Nisi discederes, non esses maestus.
If she were running (ran), she would win.
Si ea curreret, vinceret.


Past Ideal/Past Unreal/Past Contrary-to-Fact: pluperfect subjunctive in Latin
If you had run, you would have won.
Si cucurrisses, vicisses.
Unless he had left, we would have left soon.
Nisi discessisset, mox discessissemus.

One may mix present and past unreal:

If he had come, we would see him now.
Si venisset, eum nunc videremus.

Section 444

This just shows that an imperfect subjunctive could be translated as pluperfect in the company of tum (a time expression). This is a situation which is similar to something I have mentioned before. Where we say "I have been doing this for a long time" Latin might use present tense and say "hoc iam pridem facio". The time expression ("iam pridem") affects the way the Latin speaker and audience think of the verb.

Ch. 41-42

HW: 41A 2,3,4,5,7 42A 2,8,10

41

Section 411

They are just showing you the difference between Latin and English when using the listed adjectives. Latin makes the adjectives agree with the noun; English has a noun and "of".

Examples:
At the end of the year
Extremo anno
In the middle of the road
In media via
The rest of the men
reliqui viri

Sections 412-414

Genitives and ablatives of description

They suggest using genitive with numbers, as this is common:

a group of six men
manus sex virorum
an army of two legions
exercitus duarum legionum

They suggest using genitive with genus (kind/sort) and modus (manner/sort):

a man of this sort
vir huiusmodi
soldiers of all kinds
milites omnium generum
women of every type
feminae cuiusque generis

Ablative of description is common with physical features and with temporary states of mind:

They were men of great height. {Don't use genitive even though it sounds genitive.
Illi erant magna statura.
She was a woman with beautiful hair.
Ea erat pulchris capillis.
He was of good cheer (i.e. happy). {Don't use genitive even though it sounds genitive.
Fuit bono animo.
I was in bad spirits.
Eram malo animo.

You can use either ablative or genitive to describe most personal abstract qualities such as bravery, wisdom, or faith:

a leader of great intelligence
dux magnae intellegentiae
a queen of similar wisdom
regina similis sapientiae
an enemy of extreme audacity
hostis extrema audacia(abl.)


Sections 415-16
Specific idiomatic constructions that are different in Latin and English.

Here are some translated examples:

He had never heard of you.
De te(abl.) numquam audiverat.
It is full of water.
Plenum est aquae/aqua(gen. or abl.).
They died of hunger.
Mortui sunt fame(abl.).
You are worthy of praise.
Dignus es laude(abl.).
We are going to the island of Sicily.
Imus ad insulam Siciliam (acc. = same case as "island", not gen.).
You think a lot of him.
Magni aestimas eum (acc.).
The battle of Pharsalus
Rephrased: The battle fought at Pharsalus
proelium ad Pharsalum factum
Alternatively rephrased: Pharsalian battle
Pharsalium proelium
They have deserved well of you.
Bene meriti sunt de vobis (abl.).
The war has reached such a point of madness that we no longer know why we are fighting.
Bellum eo iit insaniae(partitive gentitive with eo) ut iam nesciremus quare pugnaremus.

42 (Review)

Sections 421-423

Easy... just use genitive for the object of verbs of remembering and forgetting and use genitive for the charge with verbs that mean blame, accuse, charge, condemn, etc. and use genitive for the object of misereor.

Examples:
I forgot him.
Eius(gen.) oblitus sum.
I remember you.
Tui memini.
Remember us!
Memento nostri!
I accuse you of murder.
Te caedis(gen.) accuso.
They were being condemned for sedition/mutiny.
Damnabantur seditionis.
I pity the fool. (ala Mr. T)
Misereor stulti (gen.).


Section 424

Just a list of adjectives that often take a complementary genitive.

Ch. 40

HW: 40A 1, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 15, 20

IMPERSONAL VERBS

Impersonal verbs are so called because they do not have a personal subjective in the nominative case. What is conceptually the subject will actually be in some other case in Latin.

Section 402

Verbs of Feeling with a genitive of the object of feeling and accusative of the subject.

miseret: +acc. of subject and +gen. of object.
Translate: (acc.) feels sorry/pity for (gen.).
Note: The literal translation (which is awkward and misleading in English) is: "It makes (acc.) feel sorry for (gen.)"

NOTE: If a pronoun is the genitive object, you must use the objective genitive forms: mei, tui, sui, nostri, or vestri.

Example:
Te mei miseret.
Literally: It makes you feel sorry for me.
Good English: You feel sorry/pity for me.
Me tui miseruit.
Literally: It made me feel sorry for you.
Good English: I felt sorry/pity for you.

Other verbs that work the same way are listed below. These verbs are all 2nd conjugation so the imperfect is -ebat, the perfect -uit (except taedet has pertaesum est), and the future is -ebit.

paenitet - (acc.) feels sorry/repentant for (gen.)
piget - (acc.) feels peeved/annoyed/irked/upset about/at (gen.)
pudet - (acc.) feels ashamed about (gen.)
taedet- (acc.) feels tired/bored about/of (gen.)

Examples:
Paenitet eos erroris.
They are sorry (repentant) about the mistake.
Mox taedebit Caesarem pugnandi.
Caesar will soon be tired of fighting.
Pudebat me filiae.
I was ashamed of my daughter.
Piget hunc virum nostri.
This man is peeved/annoyed with us.

Section 403

Impersonals that tend to take an infinitive.

Some take accusative subject and infinitive verb.

oportet - (acc.) ought to (inf.), it is (acc.)'s duty to (inf.)
decet- it befits (acc.) to (inf.), it is proper for (acc.) to (inf.)

I ought to leave. It is my duty to leave.
me discedere oportet.
It will befit him to win. It will be proper for him to win.
Decebit eum vincere.

Some take dative of interest for the person involved.

libet- it pleases (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) likes (inf.)
licet- it is permitted or allowed for (dat.) to (inf.), (dat.) may (inf.)

It pleased us to build the city. We liked to build the city.
Libuit (or "libitum est") nobis urbem aedificare.
It is permitted for you all to go. You all may go.
Licet vobis ire.

Section 404

Verbs often used as impersonals.

iuvat: It pleases (acc.) to (inf.)
It pleases us to come. Nos venire iuvat.
placet: It pleases/is pleasing for (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It was pleasing for me to sail. I decided to sail.
Navigare mihi placuit.
videtur: It seems good/best to (dat.) to (inf.); (dat.) decides to (inf.)
It seems best to him to stay. He decides to stay.
Manere ei videtur.

Many of the above impersonals may sometimes take an ut clause instead of acc./dat and inf.

Examples:
Iuvat ut adsis.
It is pleasing that you are here.
Placuit ut Catilina hostis rei publicae esset.
It was decided that Catiline was an enemy of the state.

These ut clauses are typically called substantive result clauses and they also occur with verbs that mean happen.

Accidit ut vincat. It happens that he is winning.
Factum est ut adesset. It happened that he was present.

Section 405

The book is confusing here so read my notes carefully.

First, interest (3rd sing. of intersum) is a synonym of re fert (also written as one word "refert"). Both verbs are used impersonally and mean "(something) is important to/for (someone)."

Here are the possible subjects: a neuter nominative singular pronoun (hoc, id, illud), an infinitive by itself, an infinitive with accusative subject, an ut clause (substantive clause of result as mentioned above), or an indirect/reported question.

In order to show how important (the degree of importance), you may use an adverb such as maxime (very) or minime (very little) or nihil (not all all) or a genitive of indefinite value (ch. 32) such as magni (a lot, much) or parvi (a little).

No matter what subject or degree is expressed the person(s) involved will be in the genitive case, even though it sounds more like a dative in English, unless the person is a personal pronoun for which see the note below.

EXAMPLES OF EACH KIND OF SUBJECT

Pronoun
This is very important to Caesar.
Hoc (nom.s.n.) Caesaris(gen.) maxime interest/refert.

Infinitive
Canere Romanorum nihil intererat/retulit.
Singing was not at all important to the Romans.

Accusative + infinitive
Eum ridere patris magni interest/refert.
It was quite important for his father that he was smiling.
or His smiling was of much importance to his father.

ut clause (substantive result)
It will be of little importance that he came.
Ut venerit parvi intererit/referet.

Indirect question
It is very inconsequential/unimportant whether she has left.
Minime/minimi interest/refert num ea discesserit?

Peronal Pronouns with interest/refert

If the person involved is to be expressed with a personal or reflexive pronoun, then you must use the ablative singular feminine of the possessive adjective: mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra. This is because it is meant to agree with the ablative singular femine re in refert. With interest the same construction is used by analogy.

EXAMPLES WITH PERSONAL PRONOUNS
This matters little to me.
Hoc mea parvi interest/refert.

The city's being built mattered a lot to us.
Urbem aedificari nostra magni interfuit/retulit.

Where I am going does not matter to you?
Refertne nihil tua quo eam? or Quo eam nihil refert tua?

Section 406

Warns you that you do not need a word for "it" as the subject of an impersonal infinitive.

E.g.
He says that he feels sorry about you.
Dicit se(acc. obj.) tui(gen.) miserere.
Literal translation of the Latin: He says that it* makes him feel sorry for you.
*There is not any word for the it in Latin. I have mentioned this before--impersonal verbs in Latin never have a real expressed subject only the vague understood "it" subject.

Also shows you how to make a command form of impersonal verbs with jussive subjunctive (since they cannot use imperatives).

E.g.
Do not feel sorry for me!
Ne mei te misereat!
Literally: Let it not make you feel sorry for me!
Do not be ashamed of us!
Ne nostri te pudeat!
Literally: Let it not make you ashamed of us!

Section 407

Notes that you may use a subjunctive in place of acc./dat. +inf. with the verbs licet, oportet, and necesse est.

E.g.
You must leave. It is necessary that you leave.
Necesse est discedas.
He ought to come with us. It is fitting that he come with us.
Oportet veniat nobiscum.
They may sing. It is permitted that they sing.
Licet canant.

Ch. 38 Extra Credit Sentences

Harry Perilstein
Quo lentius ambulo, eo melius video.

Eliza Liu
Quo plura edis, eo obesior fies.

Brett Giacco
Quo plura sumo, eo plura habeo.