Notes: As always read the chapter intro and footnotes carefully.
Infinitives in indirect statement are the same tense (present=present inf., any past=perfect inf., future=future inf.) as in the original direct statement.
Examples (with 3rd person):
"Venit." (perf. tense) "He came." {Direct quotation
Dixit eum venisse. He said that he (another guy) had come. {Here eum indicates the subject of the inifinitive is different from the main verb.
Dicit se hodie venisse. He says that he has (just) come today. {se indicates the same he as the subject of dicit
"Ea viro donum dat (dedit/dabit)." She is giving (gave/will give) the man a gift. {Direct
Audio eam viro donum dare (dedisse/daturam esse). I hear that she is giving (gave/will give) the man a gift.
Dictum erat eam viro donum dare (dedisse/daturam esse). {Notice the Latin indirect statement does not change even though the main verb is now past tense.
It had been said that she gave (had given/would give) the man a gift. {Notice the English translation is "had verbed" and "would verb" for perfect and future active infinitives after a past tense main verb.
"Urbs a hostibus capitur (capta est)." The city is being captured (has been captured) by the enemy. {Direct
Scio urbem a hostibus capi (captam esse). I know that the city is being captured (has been captured) by the enemy.
Putavit urbem a hostibus capi (captam esse). {Again the Latin indirect statement does not change.
He thought that the city was being captured (had been captured) by the enemy. {Again the English translation changes after a past tense main verb
HW assignment:
7A, part 1: 1-3 & 10-12 (short sentences)
7A, part 2: 1 & 2
7B: 7
7C: 1
Friday, September 10, 2010
Wednesday, September 8, 2010
Answers ch. 2 and 3
HW Ch. 2-3
2
1. diutius mihi non placet hic manere.
4. Plurimi (hominum/ex hominibus) malunt ludos spectare quam laborare.
8. Nemo resistere diutius ausus est.
10. Quis nos docere bene legere potest? Discere (facere) illud saepe temptavimus (conati sumus).
Some Unassigned
2. Canem fidelem mori pati non debes.
3. Difficillimum est aciem Romanum vincere. {Latin would most likely use adjective "Roman" instead of possessive noun here}
5. Agricola exercitum suum in Caledoniam progredi.
6. Milites difficultatibus (abl. of cause) itineris queri coeperunt (inceperunt).
7. Facere autem iter celerrime cogebantur (coacti sunt).
3a
1. Hostium copias prope litus instructas vidimus.
3. Haec verba locuti, flere coeperunt.
9. Omnes fortiter pugnantes pro patria interfecti sunt.
Some Unassigned
2. Cur times illa saxa cadentia? {I put illa to indicate some specific stones, though it is unnecesary.}
4. Captivi a rege liberati gratias ei dedere. {dedere is an alternate form for dederunt, ere = erunt, 3rd pl. perf. act. ending}
8. Barbari hoc proelio victi coeperunt spem amittere (desperare).
3b
3. Mox (brevi), monitus de consiliis Gallorum, statuit illuc redire.
8. Morituri sumus nisi ad nos cibum statim mittes. {Note future verb--Latin is more exact with the tense.}
10. Legati ab Thebanis missi crudeliter interfecti sunt.
Some Unassigned
1. Nautae, navem renovare iussi, hoc opus ante noctem finivit.
2. Caesar, ad Italiam proficiscens, exercitum magnum in Gallia reliquit. {If you are going "to" or "into" a country you need in + acc., but here Caesar was setting out "for" or "towards" Italy, so ad + acc. is needed.}
7. Natus in Hispania, illinc in Britanniam puer veni.
9. Pastores, de monte venientes, clamores nostros audiverunt (audiebant).
2
1. diutius mihi non placet hic manere.
4. Plurimi (hominum/ex hominibus) malunt ludos spectare quam laborare.
8. Nemo resistere diutius ausus est.
10. Quis nos docere bene legere potest? Discere (facere) illud saepe temptavimus (conati sumus).
Some Unassigned
2. Canem fidelem mori pati non debes.
3. Difficillimum est aciem Romanum vincere. {Latin would most likely use adjective "Roman" instead of possessive noun here}
5. Agricola exercitum suum in Caledoniam progredi.
6. Milites difficultatibus (abl. of cause) itineris queri coeperunt (inceperunt).
7. Facere autem iter celerrime cogebantur (coacti sunt).
3a
1. Hostium copias prope litus instructas vidimus.
3. Haec verba locuti, flere coeperunt.
9. Omnes fortiter pugnantes pro patria interfecti sunt.
Some Unassigned
2. Cur times illa saxa cadentia? {I put illa to indicate some specific stones, though it is unnecesary.}
4. Captivi a rege liberati gratias ei dedere. {dedere is an alternate form for dederunt, ere = erunt, 3rd pl. perf. act. ending}
8. Barbari hoc proelio victi coeperunt spem amittere (desperare).
3b
3. Mox (brevi), monitus de consiliis Gallorum, statuit illuc redire.
8. Morituri sumus nisi ad nos cibum statim mittes. {Note future verb--Latin is more exact with the tense.}
10. Legati ab Thebanis missi crudeliter interfecti sunt.
Some Unassigned
1. Nautae, navem renovare iussi, hoc opus ante noctem finivit.
2. Caesar, ad Italiam proficiscens, exercitum magnum in Gallia reliquit. {If you are going "to" or "into" a country you need in + acc., but here Caesar was setting out "for" or "towards" Italy, so ad + acc. is needed.}
7. Natus in Hispania, illinc in Britanniam puer veni.
9. Pastores, de monte venientes, clamores nostros audiverunt (audiebant).
Monday, September 6, 2010
Correct Creative Sentences Ch. 1
Hanna and Kyle created perfect Latin sentences. Congrats!
Hanna Bertoldi
Cur non vides flores?
Kyle Rhoads
Videsne flores?
Hanna Bertoldi
Cur non vides flores?
Kyle Rhoads
Videsne flores?
Ch. 4
Chapter 4 continues our participle composition, focusing on ablative absolutes
Here is the HW for ch. 4: 4a 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 4b 2, 4, 7
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES
Not all of these sentences have ablative absolutes. If the participle modifies or describes any noun or pronoun in the main clause, it must agree in gender, number, and case with that word and NOT be an ablative absolute.
Also note that the footnote on 4a forbids you to use deponent verbs in that section.
Note that Latin has 3 main participles: present active (amans), perfect passive (amatus), and future active (amaturus). The future passive participle or gerundive (amandus) is more rare and typically limited to fewer circumstances--do not use it in this chapter.
Of the three usual Latin participles, note that the present and future are always active (even if the verb is deponent) and may take objects if appropriate (femina librum lectura = "the woman about to read the book").
The perfect is always passive unless it is the perfect participle of a deponent verb, which is passive in form but active in meaning (secutus = "having followed"). When passive the perfect participle may take an ablative of agent construction to show the person by whom the action was done (vir a puella victus = "the man (having been) conquered by the girl").
RELATIVE TIME
Participles and infinitives in Latin show relative time not actual time.
Thus present participles usually show the SAME time as the main verb, NOT necessarily present time, since it might be the same time as a past or future main verb.
E.g. Ambulans per agros, canem vidit. SAME time as vidit (past)
Walking through the fields (in the past), he saw a dog.
Perfect participles show an EARLIER time than the main verb, NOT necessarily past time, since a time earlier than a future tense main verb might be future or present.
E.g. Urbs ab hostibus capta delebitur. EARLIER time than delebitur but still future
The city, having been captured (in the future) by the enemy, will be destroyed.
Better English: The city, once captured by the enemy, will be destroyed.
Future participles show a LATER time than the main verb, NOT necessarily future time, since a time later than a past verb might still be past or present.
E.g. Vir fabulam dicturus domum reliquerat. LATER than reliquerat but still past
The man going to tell the story had left the house.
Notice the normal Latin word order puts the participle and the noun/pronoun it modifies on opposite sides of the noun phrase, this is not like English word order. Attributive (i.e. usual descriptive) adjectives and and participles come after nouns/pronouns they modify. Circumstantial adjectives and participles usually come before.
Compare English versus Latin order:
Ablative Absolutes-
Vincente Caesare, Cicero maestus erat.
Caesar winning, Cicero was sad.
Proelio celeriter incepto, milites non iam advenerunt.
The battle having been quickly begun, the soldiers had not yet arrived.
The light departing slowly from the sky, everyone went home.
Luce e caelo segniter egrediente, omnes domum ierunt.
Attributive Participles-
The loving mother helps her children.
Mater amans liberos adiuvat.
The man running through the street is my brother.
Vir per viam currens est frater meus.
Circumstantial Participles-
Coming to town, he bought a cow.
Ingressus in urbem, bovem emit. (ingressus modifies understood "he" subject)
While swimming, he reached the shore.
Natans, ad litus pervenit. (natans modifies understood "he" subject)
Here is the HW for ch. 4: 4a 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 4b 2, 4, 7
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTES
Not all of these sentences have ablative absolutes. If the participle modifies or describes any noun or pronoun in the main clause, it must agree in gender, number, and case with that word and NOT be an ablative absolute.
Also note that the footnote on 4a forbids you to use deponent verbs in that section.
Note that Latin has 3 main participles: present active (amans), perfect passive (amatus), and future active (amaturus). The future passive participle or gerundive (amandus) is more rare and typically limited to fewer circumstances--do not use it in this chapter.
Of the three usual Latin participles, note that the present and future are always active (even if the verb is deponent) and may take objects if appropriate (femina librum lectura = "the woman about to read the book").
The perfect is always passive unless it is the perfect participle of a deponent verb, which is passive in form but active in meaning (secutus = "having followed"). When passive the perfect participle may take an ablative of agent construction to show the person by whom the action was done (vir a puella victus = "the man (having been) conquered by the girl").
RELATIVE TIME
Participles and infinitives in Latin show relative time not actual time.
Thus present participles usually show the SAME time as the main verb, NOT necessarily present time, since it might be the same time as a past or future main verb.
E.g. Ambulans per agros, canem vidit. SAME time as vidit (past)
Walking through the fields (in the past), he saw a dog.
Perfect participles show an EARLIER time than the main verb, NOT necessarily past time, since a time earlier than a future tense main verb might be future or present.
E.g. Urbs ab hostibus capta delebitur. EARLIER time than delebitur but still future
The city, having been captured (in the future) by the enemy, will be destroyed.
Better English: The city, once captured by the enemy, will be destroyed.
Future participles show a LATER time than the main verb, NOT necessarily future time, since a time later than a past verb might still be past or present.
E.g. Vir fabulam dicturus domum reliquerat. LATER than reliquerat but still past
The man going to tell the story had left the house.
Notice the normal Latin word order puts the participle and the noun/pronoun it modifies on opposite sides of the noun phrase, this is not like English word order. Attributive (i.e. usual descriptive) adjectives and and participles come after nouns/pronouns they modify. Circumstantial adjectives and participles usually come before.
Compare English versus Latin order:
Ablative Absolutes-
Vincente Caesare, Cicero maestus erat.
Caesar winning, Cicero was sad.
Proelio celeriter incepto, milites non iam advenerunt.
The battle having been quickly begun, the soldiers had not yet arrived.
The light departing slowly from the sky, everyone went home.
Luce e caelo segniter egrediente, omnes domum ierunt.
Attributive Participles-
The loving mother helps her children.
Mater amans liberos adiuvat.
The man running through the street is my brother.
Vir per viam currens est frater meus.
Circumstantial Participles-
Coming to town, he bought a cow.
Ingressus in urbem, bovem emit. (ingressus modifies understood "he" subject)
While swimming, he reached the shore.
Natans, ad litus pervenit. (natans modifies understood "he" subject)
Ch. 1 Answers
HW Answers Ch. 1
1a
1. Ubi es?
3. Accusasne me?
7. Num, mater, irata es?
10. Quot verba iam scis/novisti?
13. Num legati discesserunt?
a. Quo flores ierunt?
b. De Quibus floribus loqueris?
EXAMPLE
c. Nonne scis? (Don't you know?)
1a
1. Ubi es?
3. Accusasne me?
7. Num, mater, irata es?
10. Quot verba iam scis/novisti?
13. Num legati discesserunt?
a. Quo flores ierunt?
b. De Quibus floribus loqueris?
EXAMPLE
c. Nonne scis? (Don't you know?)
Thursday, September 2, 2010
Sept. 3
Chapters 2 & 3
Infinitives
Remember infinitives are neuter singular verbal nouns, so adjectives and participles that agree with them must be neuter singular: Bonum est legere posse. (It is good to be able to read.)
complementary infinitive- completes the meaning of an intransitive verb such as possum or soleo.
objective infinitive or object infinitive- acts as direct object of a transitive verb such as volo or coepi.
subject infinitive- acts as the subject of certain verbs and verbal expressions such as placet or necesse est.
Usually infinitives take an accusative subject: abire te veto. (I forbid you to go.)
Infinitives used with certain verbs require dative subjects (really the dative is a dative of interest with the main verb): Venire mihi placet. (It pleases me to come.)
Participles
Latin uses participles far more than English, so often an English adjectival clause may be the equivalent of a Latin participial phrase:
The men who set out never arrived.
Viri profecti numquam advenerunt.
Remember that participles are verbal adjectives, so they must agree with what they modify in gender, number, and case: Muri cadentes (m. nom. pl.) viam operuerunt. (The walls, falling, covered the road.)
Remember that participles and infinitives show relative time. Thus perfect participles show a time earlier than the main verb, while present participles show the same time as the main verb, and future participles show later time.
Perfect passive participles (4th principal part) can be translated "verbed" or "having been verbed"; however, perfect passive participles of deponent verbs are active in meaning, so they mean "verbing" or more accurately "having verbed." Note only deponent verbs can have these kind of perfect active (in meaning) participles.
Present participles are formed from the present stem (with -ie- vowels for -io verbs) plus -ns, -ntis. Though it is always translated "verbing," your book is right to point out that an English present participle does not always equal a Latin present participle because Latin is more particular about representing relative time.
Going to town, he sang along the way.
SAME TIME (needs Latin present participle)
Iens ad oppidum, per viam canebat.
Going to town, he bought a sword.
EARLIER TIME (needs Latin deponent perfect active participle)
Ingressus in oppidum, gladium emit.
Future participles (4th principal part - us/um + urus) may be translated "going to verb," "likely to verb," or "intending to verb."
I am intending to leave today.
Discessurus hodie sum.
About to run, he decided to stay.
Cursurus, manere constituit.
HW: 2. 1,4,8,10 & 3a. 1,3,9 & 3b. 3,8,10 (on syllabus)
Infinitives
Remember infinitives are neuter singular verbal nouns, so adjectives and participles that agree with them must be neuter singular: Bonum est legere posse. (It is good to be able to read.)
complementary infinitive- completes the meaning of an intransitive verb such as possum or soleo.
objective infinitive or object infinitive- acts as direct object of a transitive verb such as volo or coepi.
subject infinitive- acts as the subject of certain verbs and verbal expressions such as placet or necesse est.
Usually infinitives take an accusative subject: abire te veto. (I forbid you to go.)
Infinitives used with certain verbs require dative subjects (really the dative is a dative of interest with the main verb): Venire mihi placet. (It pleases me to come.)
Participles
Latin uses participles far more than English, so often an English adjectival clause may be the equivalent of a Latin participial phrase:
The men who set out never arrived.
Viri profecti numquam advenerunt.
Remember that participles are verbal adjectives, so they must agree with what they modify in gender, number, and case: Muri cadentes (m. nom. pl.) viam operuerunt. (The walls, falling, covered the road.)
Remember that participles and infinitives show relative time. Thus perfect participles show a time earlier than the main verb, while present participles show the same time as the main verb, and future participles show later time.
Perfect passive participles (4th principal part) can be translated "verbed" or "having been verbed"; however, perfect passive participles of deponent verbs are active in meaning, so they mean "verbing" or more accurately "having verbed." Note only deponent verbs can have these kind of perfect active (in meaning) participles.
Present participles are formed from the present stem (with -ie- vowels for -io verbs) plus -ns, -ntis. Though it is always translated "verbing," your book is right to point out that an English present participle does not always equal a Latin present participle because Latin is more particular about representing relative time.
Going to town, he sang along the way.
SAME TIME (needs Latin present participle)
Iens ad oppidum, per viam canebat.
Going to town, he bought a sword.
EARLIER TIME (needs Latin deponent perfect active participle)
Ingressus in oppidum, gladium emit.
Future participles (4th principal part - us/um + urus) may be translated "going to verb," "likely to verb," or "intending to verb."
I am intending to leave today.
Discessurus hodie sum.
About to run, he decided to stay.
Cursurus, manere constituit.
HW: 2. 1,4,8,10 & 3a. 1,3,9 & 3b. 3,8,10 (on syllabus)
Wednesday, September 1, 2010
Intro and Chapt. 1
Parts of Speech
If you can't define these parts of speech, then you need to look them up and learn their function.
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Phrases and Clauses
A phrase is a group of words that perform a unified function in the sentence (they might act as an adjective or adverb, for example). Clauses may be complete simple sentences, or they may be one part of a complex or compound sentence.
Phrases have no finite verb (e.g. works, loved, was), though they may include verbal forms such as infinitives or participles. Clauses have at least one finite verb (or at least understand a verb).
Phrases: to do, in the house, running swiftly
Clauses:
He ran away.
When they came, ....
If you'll tell me, ...
...and I will call you back.
QUESTIONS
YES/NO Type
-ne (simple yes/no question)
nonne (invites the answer yes)
num (invites the answer no)
Venisne? Are you coming?
Nonne venis? Aren't you coming?(tone expects yes) You are coming, aren't you?
Num venis? Are you coming?(tone expects no) You aren't coming, are you?
Usually -ne follows the verb which is placed first in the clause (in normal statements Latin likes the verb last in the clause). Note the first word of a question receives some emphasis so:
Vincitne Caesar? Is Caesar winning? (the person wants to know about the outcome)
Caesarne vincit? Is Caesar winning? (the person wants to know if Caesar rather than his opponent is winning)
Qu-, Cu-, and other types of question words
cur abis? Why are you leaving?
Be careful with "where" which has three main Latin equivalents for place where (ubi), place to where (quo, like old English whither), and place from where (unde, like old English whence).
ubi erat? Where was he?
quo navigas? Where are you sailing (to)?
unde venisti? Where did you come from?
Be careful with word order. Sometimes English puts prepositions at the end of clauses where Latin needs them with their objects.
De quo loqueris? Whom are you talking about? (Note everyday English usage wrongly uses who here.)
Quibuscum is? Whom are you going with? (Note everyday English usage wrongly uses who here.)
HW: Prepare for verb quiz Friday and do the exercises 1a 1,3,7,10,13 and the following:
Translate a & b into Latin but not the notes in parentheses. Then write a new English question for c and translate it into Latin
a. (Person 1) Where have all the flowers gone?
b. (Person 2) What flowers are you talking about?
c. (Person 1 replies with another question) ….
If you can't define these parts of speech, then you need to look them up and learn their function.
Nouns
Verbs
Adjectives
Adverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions
Phrases and Clauses
A phrase is a group of words that perform a unified function in the sentence (they might act as an adjective or adverb, for example). Clauses may be complete simple sentences, or they may be one part of a complex or compound sentence.
Phrases have no finite verb (e.g. works, loved, was), though they may include verbal forms such as infinitives or participles. Clauses have at least one finite verb (or at least understand a verb).
Phrases: to do, in the house, running swiftly
Clauses:
He ran away.
When they came, ....
If you'll tell me, ...
...and I will call you back.
QUESTIONS
YES/NO Type
-ne (simple yes/no question)
nonne (invites the answer yes)
num (invites the answer no)
Venisne? Are you coming?
Nonne venis? Aren't you coming?(tone expects yes) You are coming, aren't you?
Num venis? Are you coming?(tone expects no) You aren't coming, are you?
Usually -ne follows the verb which is placed first in the clause (in normal statements Latin likes the verb last in the clause). Note the first word of a question receives some emphasis so:
Vincitne Caesar? Is Caesar winning? (the person wants to know about the outcome)
Caesarne vincit? Is Caesar winning? (the person wants to know if Caesar rather than his opponent is winning)
Qu-, Cu-, and other types of question words
cur abis? Why are you leaving?
Be careful with "where" which has three main Latin equivalents for place where (ubi), place to where (quo, like old English whither), and place from where (unde, like old English whence).
ubi erat? Where was he?
quo navigas? Where are you sailing (to)?
unde venisti? Where did you come from?
Be careful with word order. Sometimes English puts prepositions at the end of clauses where Latin needs them with their objects.
De quo loqueris? Whom are you talking about? (Note everyday English usage wrongly uses who here.)
Quibuscum is? Whom are you going with? (Note everyday English usage wrongly uses who here.)
HW: Prepare for verb quiz Friday and do the exercises 1a 1,3,7,10,13 and the following:
Translate a & b into Latin but not the notes in parentheses. Then write a new English question for c and translate it into Latin
a. (Person 1) Where have all the flowers gone?
b. (Person 2) What flowers are you talking about?
c. (Person 1 replies with another question) ….
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